The+International+Perspective

=ELECTIONS IN THE INTERNET AND ON SOCIAL MEDIA:=

=An online literature research based on 2014 Presidential Election in Turkey=

THE INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

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Silinecek Not #1: İçeriklerimizi nasıl girelim? Lütfen bulduğunuz linkleri ilgili ülkenin altına "Heading#3 Başlık (Giren: İsim) > URL (linklemeyi unutmayınız, paste etmek otomatik linklemiyor) > Özet" şeklinde giriniz. Eğer girmek istediğiniz ülke aşağıdaki menüde yoksa alfabetik sıradaki yerine ülkenin başlığını Heading#1 olarak açabilirsiniz. Ülke isimlerinden hemen önce ülke ismi ile Anchor açıp, üst menüde ülke adını ilgili kıtaya yazın ve bunu oraya linkleyin. (Eğer bunu yapamazsanız sayfanın en altındaki başlıkta bana not bırakın, ben yaparım ~Sercan.) Ayrıca ülke başlıklarının alt satırına üst menüye geri götüren linki var olan bir başlıktan copy/paste ile koyabilirsiniz. Çizgileri de doğru yerlere koyalım.

Silinecek Not #2: Seçim / sosyal medya bağlantısı hakkında çok fazla bilgi bulunmayan bazı ülkeler için genel sosyal medya bilgileri de koyuyorum listeye (örnek: Gürcistan), gerekiyorsa sonradan bunları silebiliriz.

 =DÜNYA GENEL= - Dünya Genel

=AFRİKA=

- Central Africa - Güney Afrika - Kenya - Nigeria - Uganda - Zambia - Zimbabwe - Ghana

=AMERİKA= - Brezilya - Kanada - USA

=ASYA= - Gürcistan - Hindistan - Japonya - Singapur - Tayland

=AVRUPA= - Avrupa Genel - Almanya - Belçika - Finlandiya - Hollanda - İskoçya - İsveç - İtalya - Norveç - UK

=ORTADOĞU= - Afganistan - Cezayir - Fas - Irak - İran - Mısır - Suriye - Tunus

=OKYANUSYA= - Avusturalya - Malezya - Yeni Zelanda



=DÜNYA GENEL= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952-2012 (Giren: Sercan)
[] Tracing the evolution of political advertising, Darrell M. West returns with his much anticipated sixth edition of Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952-2012. Integrating the latest data and key events from the 2012 campaigns, West provides in-depth examination and insight into how candidates plan and execute advertising campaigns, how the media covers these campaigns, and how American voters are ultimately influenced by them. Taking into account technological advances, West now includes discussion of how campaigns are utilizing social media tools to reach audiences and to what effect.

* Political Power of Social Media - Technology, the Public Sphere Sphere, and Political Change (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora90&div=8&g_sent=1&collection=journals#34] Shirky, C. (2011) Foreign Aff. Vol.90, p.28

* "I Wanted to Predict Elections with Twitter and all I got was this Lousy Paper" -- A Balanced Survey on Election Prediction using Twitter Data (Giren: Sercan)
[] Predicting X from Twitter is a popular fad within the Twitter research subculture. It seems both appealing and relatively easy. Among such kind of studies, electoral prediction is maybe the most attractive, and at this moment there is a growing body of literature on such a topic. This is not only an interesting research problem but, above all, it is extremely difficult. However, most of the authors seem to be more interested in claiming positive results than in providing sound and reproducible methods. It is also especially worrisome that many recent papers seem to only acknowledge those studies supporting the idea of Twitter predicting elections, instead of conducting a balanced literature review showing both sides of the matter. After reading many of such papers I have decided to write such a survey myself. Hence, in this paper, every study relevant to the matter of electoral prediction using social media is commented. From this review it can be concluded that the predictive power of Twitter regarding elections has been greatly exaggerated, and that hard research problems still lie ahead.

* The Internet and National Elections: A Comparative Study of Web Campaigning (Giren: Sercan)
[] This ambitious study draws upon a common conceptual framework - the "Web sphere," and a shared methodological approach called Web feature analysis - in order to examine how the Internet is used by a variety of political actors during periods of electoral activity. Research teams around the world conducted analyses in technologically advanced nations, as well as those with low Internet diffusion, and a variety of countries in the middle range of network penetration, and from a variety of political and cultural contexts.

* Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics (Giren: Sercan)
[] The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics is a collection of over thirty chapters dealing with the most significant scholarly debates in this rapidly growing field of study. Organized in four broad sections: Institutions, Behavior, Identities, and Law and Policy, the Handbook summarizes and criticizes contemporary debates while pointing out new departures. A comprehensive set of resources, it provides linkages to established theories of media and politics, political communication, governance, deliberative democracy and social movements, all within an interdisciplinary context. The contributors form a strong international cast of established and junior scholars.

* Party Change, Social Media and the Rise of ‘Citizen-initiated’ Campaigning (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/30/1354068812472575.abstract This article argues that digital media are introducing a new grassroots-based mode of ‘citizen-initiated campaigning’ (CIC) that challenges the dominant professionalized model of campaign management by devolving power over core tasks to the grassroots. After defining the practice through reference to the 2008 campaign of Barack Obama and online parties literature, we devise a measure of CIC that is applied to UK parties in the 2010 election. Our findings show that CIC is emerging outside the U.S. and adoption is associated with major party status, although it may be of particular appeal to political actors facing a resource deficit. The conclusions focus on the implications of CIC for new forms of party membership, indirect voter mobilization and the contextual factors influencing this new model of campaigning.

* Social media changes face of general elections 2014 (Giren: Yuan)
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-06/news/49661474_1_indian-elections-twitter-account-facebook The three American social media giants - Facebook, [|Twitter] and [|Google] - have emerged as a major player in the ongoing general elections in India, with political parties and candidates competing with each other in breaking the news, spreading their message through these outlets in addition to those via the traditional media.

 =AFGANİSTAN= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Experts: Afghan turnout boosted by social media (Giren: Yuan)
[] Activists and experts say that social media campaigns were among the factors behind an unprecedented high turnout in the Afghan elections. An estimated seven million Afghans went to the polls, despite Taliban threats.

 =ALMANYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Social networks and mass media as mobilizers and demobilizers: A study of turnout at a German local election (Giren: Sercan)
[] This paper explores the impact of informal communication in voters’ social networks and the formal communication of the mass media on individuals’ propensity to take part in elections. Analyzing survey data from a recent local election in Germany it shows how both forms of communication may not only mobilize, but also demobilize voters. On the whole, personal communication appears more influential than mass communication. The media’s effects are generally weaker than those of social networks. Moreover, they are mediated by attitudes, while social networks have strong direct effects. These originate mainly from information conveyed through personal contact with voters and abstainers in one’s immediate social environment. Social voting norms are only influential, if they originate from persons’ families and are in favor of electoral participation.

* Predicting Elections with Twitter: What 140 Characters Reveal about Political Sentiment (Giren: Sercan)
[] This study uses the context of the German federal election to investigate whether Twitter is used as a forum for political deliberation and whether online messages on Twitter validly mirror offline political sentiment. Using LIWC text analysis software, we conducted a content analysis of over 100,000 messages containing a reference to either a political party or a politician. Our results show that Twitter is indeed used extensively for political deliberation.

* Social media's sway on elections 'growing' ( Giren: Yuan)
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/politics/Social-medias-sway-on-elections-growing-30218258.html Social media is not a vital factor in winning an election, but political parties should not ignore its importance, a seminar in Bangkok was told yesterday.

* Social Media Monitoring of the Campaigns for the 2013 German Bundestag Elections on Facebook and Twitter (Giren: Tuğba)
[]

Absract: As more and more people use social media to communicate their view and perception of elections, researchers have increasingly been collecting and analyzing data from social media platforms. Our research focuses on social media communication related to the 2013 election of the German parlia-ment [translation: Bundestagswahl 2013]. We constructed several social media datasets using data from Facebook and Twitter. First, we identified the most relevant candidates (n=2,346) and checked whether they maintained social media accounts. The Facebook data was collected in November 2013 for the period of January 2009 to October 2013. On Facebook we identified 1,408 Facebook walls containing approximately 469,000 posts. Twitter data was collected between June and December 2013 finishing with the constitution of the government. On Twitter we identified 1,009 candidates and 76 other agents, for example, journalists. We estimated the number of relevant tweets to exceed eight million for the period from July 27 to September 27 alone. In this document we summarize past re-search in the literature, discuss possibilities for research with our data set, explain the data collection procedures, and provide a description of the data and a discussion of issues for archiving and dissemi-nation of social media data.

 AVRUPA GENEL (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Euro politicians take on social media (Giren: Yuan)
[] Facebook, Twitter, YouTube - European Union politicians love to make contact with their voters on social media.

* Social Media Alternative Views of the European Elections (Giren: Yuan)
[] On 25 May, 400 million citizens are asked to elect members of the European Parliament for the next 5 years. The social media and alternative communication tools offer users new ways to share information on the European Parliament, its work and its powers.

* European elections: Party-by-party guide (Giren: Yuan)
[] National Liberal Party: If elected, the party says its MEPs will consult constituents through social media and petitions before deciding how to vote on key issues. On its[|party website], it says its MEPs will also donate part of their salaries to good causes. Candidates: Fielding candidates in London only.

* An opportunity for engagement in cyberspace: Political youth Web sites during the 2004 European Parliament election campaign (Giren: Sercan)
[] While youth are much more active online in many realms, including politics, than the average citizen, they are also becoming progressively more disconnected from traditional governmental and party politics. Some argue that such disengagement leads to increased apathy and even alienation. Political detachment, coupled with the younger generations' noteworthy online use and presence, points to a considerable Internet potential for reversing such indifference. Based on quantitative content analysis, this article examines the possibilities for online participation available to youth in the context of the 2004 European Parliament election campaign.

* Europe is heading to the polls! And you? (Giren: Yuan)
@https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjA-uQnyWHw [|‪#‎][|ep2014‬] [|‪#‎][|vote2014‬] Are you planning to vote?Yes - no - you haven't yet decided? Students from different European countries and an EU expert come together in a Google Hangout to talk about it. You can watch the whole Hangout on YouTube.

* How digital is the EU? (Giren: Yuan)
http://www.dw.de/how-digital-is-the-eu/av-17663786 Europeans have been to the polls in what seems to have been one of the most publicized EU parliament elections. It could just be a perception thing, as more and more we focus on the influence of social media. So was it a success for social media?

* Members of the European Parliament Online: The Use of Social Media in Political Marketing (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://martenscentre.eu/sites/default/files/publication-files/ces_mep_web.pdf The appearance of political marketing and campaigning on social media is a relatively new phenomenon, which was first introduced in the US before spreading to Europe. The importance of online political marketing can be seen in,among other factors, the major advantages offered by the Internet—namely the rapid transmission of information and the possibilities for large numbers of people to connect. This is especially significant for politics on the EU level, which embraces a body of 375 million voters. Despite the fact that not everyone uses the Internet in Europe, the percentage of those who do is considered to be high enough for its application in politics. The goal of this paper is to examine the connection between European politics, Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and the use of social media, and to give suggestions on how the use of social media in political marketing could be further advanced.

* Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning: The exploration of a new campaign tool and a new campaign style (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/06/16/1354068811407580.abstract This study explores how candidates running for the European Parliament (EP) in 2009 used micro-blogging and online social networks – in this case Twitter (www.twitter.com) in the early stage of its adoption – to communicate and connect with citizens. Micro-blogging in general, and Twitter in particular, is one of the new and popular Web 2.0 applications, yet there has been little research focusing on the use of Twitter by politicians. After reviewing different types of campaigning strategies and introducing a new and distinct strategy, this descriptive and exploratory study focuses on political candidates’ use of micro-blogging and online social networking (i.e. Twitter) from a longitudinal, social network, and ideological perspective. The results clearly show that most candidates in 2009 still used Twitter reluctantly. Those who used Twitter did so predominantly for electoral campaigning and only sparingly for continuous campaigning. Candidates from progressive parties are the most active users of Twitter as a campaigning tool, whereas conservatives are virtually absent online. Although candidates’ first degree networks are still relatively small and unconnected, their second degree networks are quite extensive. Candidates from parties in opposition have more extensive first degree networks than those from ruling parties. Candidates from fringe parties show small online networks.

* Video: “Civic Participation in Political Life, European Elections” Debate, Tallinn (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://joieu.net/2014/04/15/warming-up-for-the-civic-participation-in-political-life-european-elections-debate/ In a modern democracy, voting is only one of the many ways to participate in politics – it is equally important that citizens have a say in public decisions on a daily basis. Whereas the work of national parliaments tends to be under our close scrutiny, we sometimes lose sight of Members of the European Parliament once they’ve taken their cosy seats in Brussels and Strasbourg. What could be done to make sure this doesn’t happen after the elections this May? The debate on April 15 looked into the theory and practice of the European Parliament’s work, presented cases and examples from different European countries and sought to answer the following questions:

· What are our rights and opportunities as citizens to influence the decisions made in the European Parliament?

· What communication channels and methods are available for Members of the European Parliament for involving citizens? Are they citizen-friendly, functional and easy to use?

· How successful has the European Parliament been in engaging citizens and what concrete steps should the new MEPs take to make citizen participation a daily working reality?

Based on the discussion, a set of recommendations will be made to new MEPs and citizens to facilitate mutual communication and participation.

A mediatization perspective (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arena-publications/workingpapers/working-papers2010/WP_6_10_online.pdf This paper evaluates the mediatizing potential of the internet on the politics of European integration and the process of enhancing the democratic legitimacy of the European Union (EU), i.e. the ways in which online media participate or interfere with the democratization of the EU by either advancing or constraining the development of a legitimate political order respectively. Using three ‘mediatization potential’ indicators (publicity, inclusion and degrees of contestation), we focus our analysis on the online debates during the 2009 EU elections (May-June 2009) in twelve member-states and trans-European level. Our findings highlight the multiple, and conflicting dynamics of mediatization present in the EU political e-sphere.

* How Wired Are The 2014 European Elections (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://www.rand.org/blog/2014/05/how-wired-are-the-2014-european-elections.html This week, 400 million European citizens will elect the 751 members of the European Parliament. Selecting the representatives of the only democratically elected EU institution would in theory be an appealing occasion for citizens to engage with the European policy sphere. However, turnouts have historically been low since the first direct European elections in 1979, with an average 43 percent taking part in the last parliamentary elections in 2009. Given the increased number of citizens actively using social media such as Facebook and Twitter, the question arises whether social media can have a meaningful impact on participation in the upcoming elections. (...)

* The role played by social media in political participation and electoral campaigns (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://epthinktank.eu/2014/02/12/the-role-played-by-social-media-in-political-participation-and-electoral-campaigns/ and @http://www.lapietradialogues.org/dialogues_sch.php?cat=1&id=90 12 papers on social media and political participation / seminar organised by La Pietra Dialogues LPD, New York University at Florence. Villa La Pietra, May 10-11 2013. This website includes twelve papers on social media and political participation presented at a seminar in Florence organised by New York University (La Pietra Dialogues) in May 2013. This seminar covers themes such as democracy and the internet, use of social media in political campaigns, power to mobilise collective actions and mass protests. Presentations study both the US and the European experiences. They give a comprehensive overview of the impact of the changing media landscape to patterns of political participation and the impact of social media in political campaigns.

* Europe Decides: Political campaigning gathers pace on social media (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://europedecides.eu/2013/11/political-campaigning-gathers-pace-on-social-media/ (...) After the European Parliament launched its elections information campaign, genuine online political campaigning and debate around the polls is beginning to gather pace. Since 17 October we have – using social media tracking tool Keyhole – monitored 14,360 posts by 7,960 users on the European elections. As explained in a previous post, these tweets and Facebook messages – which have the collective potential to reach nearly 24 million accounts – will not include every single post on the 2014 elections, but nonetheless cover a sizeable chunk of the online debate.

* European Parliament's Youtube Account and the "Act, React, Impact" Project (Giren: Gökhan)
Act, React, Impact: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHQxK2YVsFVvEK4kNcrSJR2hxzy0a174h

[]
 * Exploring Affordances of Social Media Use in Election Campaigns: What Political Parties Want to Facilitate, Project and Create (Denmark and general) (Giren Tuğba)

Abstract:** In recent years, social media have become omnipresent and highly important for social networking and content sharing. Lately we have witnessed how also political parties adopt social media as part of their political campaign strategy. The purpose of this work-in-progress paper is to investigate this tendency by posing two research questions: 1) what do political parties perceive as affordances of social media use in their campaign strategy? And 2) how are these affordances reflected in the political parties’ actual actions during the campaign? To address the two questions, we conducted a qualitative case study of the political parties’ use of Facebook in the Danish general election in 2011. Our preliminary findings reveal three main categories of affordances that the political parties wish to pursue: 1) they want to facilitate direct communication to promote political interests and create room for dialogue in a controlled environment, 2) they want to project an image of authenticity through an informal media, and 3) they want to create interaction and involvement through dynamic relationships with voters. A closer look at the parties’ actual use of Facebook reveals that their intention of generating interaction and involvement is limited by their actions as most of them do not engage with the users’ posts and comments. The tensions between perceived affordances and actual use prompt further investigation of what political parties should consider when engaging in social media activities as part of their campaign strategy.

* Online strategies of members of the European parliament (Europe) (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: When the first social media site appeared, its goal was to link the students on a university campus so that they could exchange information. This application soon spread to linking (lost) friends and family, and was later extended to business and politics. Today social media are considered to be the marketing strategy du jour for corporations and organisations in the digitalised world. In a study that investigated the strategies of companies, government institutions and non-profit organisations (Zerfass, 2011), it was revealed that the professional role of the social media is increasing, with an average of seven social media sites being utilised by each public relations departments. Social media have quickly been adopted by policymakers as well. To have a presence on social media, politicians need to have celebrity appeal in order to be successful and to be able to form “friendships” with the wider public. While creating a profile itself is indispensable, being active on the media is crucial to success. Over a short period of several years, social media entered the mainstream of political communication. On the EU level, social media has been used since the campaign for the 2009 European Parliament elections. Through the use of different websites, Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) have tried to connect better with the potential electorate, offer more information about their work and opinion, and mobilise their supporters. Since then, the use of social media has developed and is becoming slightly more systematic among the MEPs. This essay is based on semistructured interviews with Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), their advisors and campaign managers, held in the period January-June 2012.

 =AVUSTURALYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Journalism as social networking: The Australian youdecide project and the 2007 federal election (Giren: Sercan)
[] Participation in an action-research project run during the 2007 Australian federal election, youdecide 2007, allowed the authors to gain first-hand insights into the progress of citizen-led news media in Australia, but also allowed us to develop an account of what the work of facilitating citizen journalism involves. These insights are important to understanding the future of professional journalism and journalism education, as more mainstream media organizations move to accommodate and harness user-created content.

* E-Electioneering: Use of new media in the 2007 Australian federal election (Giren: Sercan)
[] This paper contributes to understanding of how new media are used in political communication and how they influence the public sphere (Habermas, 1989, 2006), particularly looking at public interaction and participation (Carpentier, 2007) which have been identified as key features of web 2.0 media and as requirements of an active public sphere, based on findings of a study conducted by the Australian Centre for Public Communication at the University of Technology Sydney during the 2007 Australian federal election.

* (NOT) THE TWITTER ELECTION: The dynamics of the #ausvotes conversation in relation to the Australian media ecology (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2012.663610#.U4CUyfmSx0E] This paper draws on a larger study of the uses of Australian user-created content and online social networks to examine the relationships between professional journalists and highly engaged Australian users of political media within the wider media ecology, with a particular focus on Twitter. It uses an analysis of topic-based conversation networks using the #ausvotes hashtag on Twitter around the 2010 federal election to explore the key themes and issues addressed by this Twitter community during the campaign, and finds that Twitter users were largely commenting on the performance of mainstream media and politicians rather than engaging in direct political discussion.

* E-LECTORAL ENGAGEMENT: MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (Australian) (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: To examine approaches taken to social media by other government agencies and EMBs in order to inform AEC participation in social media. The research will focus on the key areas of development of social media policies that facilitate communication with the public consistent with public service values and political neutrality and on measuring the effectiveness and value for money of social media engagement, particularly in reaching specific demographics such as young people. It will contextualise these findings within the existing academic research in the area and will itself contribute to the body of knowledge.

* Social Media in the Media: How Australian Media Perceive Social Media as Political Tools (Australia) (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social media are becoming increasingly integrated into political practices around the world. Politicians, citizens and journalists employ new media tools to support and supplement their political goals. This report examines the way in which social media are portrayed as political tools in Australian mainstream media in order to establish what the relations are between social media and mainstream media in political news reporting. Through the close content-analysis of 93 articles sampled from the years 2008, 2010 and 2012, we provide a longitudinal insight into how the perception by Australian journalists and news media organisations of social media as political tools has changed over time. As the mainstream media remain crucial in framing the public understanding of new technologies and practices, this enhances our understanding of the positioning of social media tools for political communication.

* Social Media, Youth Participation and Australian Elections (Australia) (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The media landscape of Australia has been subject to rapid change in recent years. This change comes from a range of sources: technological innovation and service improvement, the introduction of new and enhanced services, alterations to the political economy of media production, and the changing nature of users’ response to the technological capacities afforded to them. One of the most interesting developments in recent years has been the introduction of “social media”. Social media is defined by Bruns and Bahnisch as “technologies to provide space for in-depth social interaction, community formation, and the tackling of collaborative projects” (2009: 1). These technologies remediate and recreate user and audience communities around new and existing media. As much a social as a technological phenomena, social media is significant in considerably expanding the extent to which once-passive audiences are able to engage with media producers and fellow consumers. This is commonly linked to a “democratisation” of the media: the expanded interaction of members of the community through the media, and the ability of user communities to have greater editorial roles in shaping the content they consume, and recommend to peers in their social networks.

 =BELÇİKA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Politicians in the News: Media or Party Logic? Media Attention and Electoral Success in the Belgian Election Campaign of 2003 (Giren: Sercan)
[] This study departs from the finding that media attention contributed to the electoral success of candidates in the Belgian election campaign of 2003. While the authors do find an impact of media attention on the number of preferential votes for each candidate, in this study they take a closer look at the elements that determine this media attention. Do the media autonomously decide which candidate gets more attention than others or do they follow the hierarchy determined by the parties? In other words: is the media's interest in a politician a consequence of a media logic or of a party logic? As the study's multivariate analysis clearly indicates, both logics are relevant, with the party logic outweighing the media logic. However, the question remains to what extent the parties have already incorporated a media logic in the selection of their political personnel.

* Party profiles on the web: an analysis of the logfiles of non-partisan interactive political internet sites in the 2003 and 2004 election campaigns in Belgium (Giren: Sercan)
[] During recent election campaigns non-partisan party profile websites (PPWs) have become hugely popular in various countries with multiparty systems, sometimes even attracting 25 percent of all voters. On these interactive websites, PPW users respond to policy questions, and their answers are used to calculate the distance between their own preferences and party agendas, resulting in an individualized `party profile'. PPWs can be seen as one of the few innovations in election campaigning that fully exploit the internet's interactive opportunities. The analysis in this article of the log files of 2003 and 2004 Belgian PPWs demonstrate that PPW users tend to be highly educated, male and young. Party and policy preferences of late PPW users (the final days before the elections) are not more crystallized than those of early PPW users (40 days before the elections). The article concludes with speculation on what this finding might reveal about campaign dynamics.

 =BREZİLYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Social Context and Campaign Volatility in New Democracies: Networks and Neighborhoods in Brazil's 2002 Elections (Giren: Sercan)
[] Utilizing a unique panel survey implemented during Brazil's historic 2002 presidential election, we demonstrate the importance of political discussion within social networks and neighborhood context for explaining preference change during election campaigns.

[]
Over the past decade, digital and mobile media have significantly changed the system of political communication in Brazil. An increasing number of Brazilian candidates have begun to use websites and social networking applications as an integral part of their overall campaign efforts.

=KOLOMBİYA=

* Hacking Scandal Rocks Presidential Election (Giren : Murat)
[]

Colombia’s Technical Investigation Team arrested Andrés Fernando Sepúlveda (Oscar Ivan Zuluaga-candidate from Democratic Center party-'s Campaign Staff), accused of tracing current president and re-candidate Santos’s personal email, and spying on the peace negotiations between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) that, until now, had been carried out behind closed doors. Sepúlveda worked as a social media manager for Oscar Ivan Zuluaga’s campaign, Santos’s main electoral rival and an open opponent of the FARC peace negotiations.

* Colombia’s army to close most social media accounts for ‘reorganization’ (Giren : Murat)
[]

Colombia’s Semana newsmagazine revealed that a ‘secret’ communicate released on the social media by the ex president Alvaro Uribe, the Army’s Department of Strategy and Communication ordered all divisions to close the social media accounts.The ex-president accused the army’s decision saying that ‘terrorism is defeating us without knowing.’

 =CEZAYİR= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

@http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Algeria's%20Islamists%20Crushed%20in%20First%20Arab%20Spring%20Elections_Viewpoints.pdf
 * Algeria's Islamists Crushed In First Arab Spring Elections ( Giren : Eme )

* Algeria's Presidential Election and The Challenges Ahead (Giren: Eme )
[] Bouteflika will undoubtedly be re-elected, but his next term is unlikely to be a smooth one. There are several significant challenges that he and his government will have to confront to maintain stability and head off increasing public discontent.

[|http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21600977-ageing-president-looks-set-hang-grimly-however-feeble-his-health-old#sthash.r7qLTHt7.dpbs] The election campaign in Algeria, for instance, has carried a veneer of democratic practice, with six varied candidates bidding for the top prize. But the oil-rich Algerian state, with its legacy of one-party rule and legions of officials all carefully vetted for loyalty by an omnipresent secret police, tilts the outcome heavily towards the candidate anointed by “Le Pouvoir”, as Algerians call the circle of senior generals and security chiefs who actually run the country. Small wonder that Mr Bouteflika won his last two elections, in 2004 and 2009, with 85% and 90% of the vote, amid meagre turnouts and a strong whiff of fraud. See more at: [|http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21600977-ageing-president-looks-set-hang-grimly-however-feeble-his-health-old#sthash.r7qLTHt7.dpuf]
 * An Aging President Looks Set To Hang On Grimly, However Feeble His Health ( Giren : Eme )

 =FAS= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

http://mideastafrica.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/11/28/moroccos_new_elections_just_like_the_old_elections_0
 * Morocco's new elections just like the old elections (Giren :Eme)

(Insert Fas content here)

 =FİNLANDİYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Riding the Web 2.0 Wave: Candidates on YouTube in the 2007 Finnish National Elections (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680802291475#.U4CffvmSx0E] This article seeks to expand the research on the adoption of social networking Web sites in electoral politics beyond the U.S. by exploring the use and impact of the YouTube video-sharing Web site in the 2007 Finnish national elections. Focusing on uploaded videos featuring candidates, the study shows that YouTube played a marginal role in the elections. Only 6% of the candidates disseminated YouTube videos. Online, the videos did not generally attract much public interest. However, the study also demonstrates that YouTube gave a voice to certain minor electoral players and ordinary citizens in the elections. The findings are compared with scholarly observations from the 2006 U.S. midterm elections—the first “YouTube elections.”

* The use of social media in the Finnish Parliament Elections 2011 (Finland) (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The report briefly outlines the role of online social media in the Finnish Parliament Elections of 17 April 2011. The main objective is to produce basic knowledge about the use of social media by the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) for a four week period: three weeks before and one week after the elections. To achieve this goal, the study examined the online social media profiles of MPs, focusing on their use of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blog platforms and Flickr. Overall, despite expectations of a significant effect that social media might have had in the elections, the majority of the current MPs have not displayed any extensive use of the social media as a tool tocommunicate with constituents. However, all parties, now recognized as leading in the Finnish Parliament, have registered their accounts in and actively use almost all social media considered in the study.

 =GÜNEY AFRİKA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* The 2014 election was about the ‘Power of the Photo’ and the ‘selfie’ (Giren: Zeynep)
[] Citizen photography ruled the day. "South Africans tweeted and shared the uhuru of voting through thumb-nail selfies as a way of celebrating their democratic right, while politicians took to Facebook and Twitter en masse”. The DA’s ANC Ayisafani had over 700 000 YouTube views) from political parties and political leaders

 =GÜRCİSTAN= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* The Implementation and Results of the Use of Social Media in the Republic of Georgia (Giren: Sercan)
[] Griffin, G., Noniashvili, M., & Batiashvili, M. (2014). The Implementation and Results of the Use of Social Media in the Republic of Georgia. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), 1(1), 8.

===*[|Georgia: Social Media Used by Presidential Election Candidate in Breakaway Region]=== (Giren: Yuan) http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/08/25/georgia-social-media-used-by-presidential-election-candidate-in-breakaway-region/

* How Social Media Helped Win the Elections in the Country of Georgia (Giren: Yuan)
http://socialmediaweek.org/blog/event/when-truth-is-stranger-than-fiction-how-social-media-helped-win-the-elections-in-the-country-of-georgia/

‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ HİNDİSTAN (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* India's social media election battle (Giren: Yuan)
[] India's 16th general election - to be held in [|nine phases] over April and May - will be closely fought, with some observers saying social media will play a vital role in deciding which party wins the most seats. Politicians are taking part in Google+ Hangouts, televised interviews organised by Facebook and using the Facebook-owned smart phone messaging app WhatsApp to connect with millions of tech-savvy urban voters.

* India's new P.M (Giren: Yuan)
[] India's next prime minister, Narendra Modi, is a divisive politician - loved and loathed in equal measure. Narendra Modi is seen as a dynamic and efficient leader. He also used social media effectively, even resorting to 3D holograms to communicate directly to voters.

* Are India's young leaders making a mark? (Giren: Yuan)
[] With his thick head of black hair and faintly creased forehead, Anurag Thakur is not like the typical politician in India. He's less enthusiastic about using social media, letting his team manage Facebook and Twitter. "We tend to spend too much time on them and I think it's much more important to be able to deliver," he said.

* How Much Influence Did Social Media Have On India's Election (Giren: Yuan)
[] India's 2014 election is being called a #TwitterElection because it is the largest democratic election in the world to date and [|so much of it took place online]. While there seems to be a number of correlations between the online activities and victories of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which swept up 427 seats in India's Lok Sabha or lower parliament, and of Narendra Modi, India's new prime minister, just how much of their success can be attributed to their social media savviness?

* Politicians slug it out in India's first social media election (Giren: Yuan)
[] Earlier this month during Holi, the Indian festival of colors, more than three million Twitter followers of the Indian prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi received a personalized greeting from him. Others received celebratory recorded phone messages that concluded with an appeal to vote.

[] ""Based on the analyses of select elections coverage by five television channels – India TV, NDTV, Aaj Tak, ANI, and IBN– I argue that: 1) The way journalists pose questions to their favorite politicians are often already answers; 2) In pursuing a storyline, journalists ubordinate, even sacrifice, actual responses or events/facts to bolster their pre-determined narrative; and 3) Electoral polity like India is heading towards a designer democracy marked by permanent campaigning-cum-advertising. In short, I caution against the use of widespread phrase: ‘media and politics’. It is more fitting to say: ‘media as politics’ or ‘politics as media’.
 * Democracy as permanent Advertising: Indian Media and Elections(Giren: Eme)

 =HOLLANDA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Predicting the 2011 dutch senate election results with Twitter (Giren: Sercan)
[] To what extend can one use Twitter in opinion polls for political elections? Merely counting Twitter messages mentioning political party names is no guarantee for obtaining good election predictions. By improving the quality of the document collection and by performing sentiment analysis, predictions based on entity counts in tweets can be considerably improved, and become nearly as good as traditionally obtained opinion polls.

* SOCIAL MEDIA AS BEAT: Tweets as a news source during the 2010 British and Dutch elections (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2012.663626#.U4Ca4fmSx0E] This article investigates the use of Twitter as a source for newspaper coverage of the 2010 British and Dutch elections. Almost a quarter of the British and nearly half of the Dutch candidates shared their thoughts, visions, and experiences on Twitter. Subsequently, these tweets were increasingly quoted in newspaper coverage. We present a typology of the functions tweets have in news reports: they were either considered newsworthy as such, were a reason for further reporting, or were used to illustrate a broader news story.

* The (Potential) Benefits of Campaigning via Social Network Sites (Giren: Sercan)
[] This paper examines how this personalized soft campaigning strategy worked in the 2006 Dutch elections and how interaction with potential voters can influence the evaluation of the candidates.

* Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems? (Netherlands) (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This paper presents the results of a literature review in regard to Social Media and participation. Besides that, to understand the meaning and impact of Social Media on elections, we show field results from the 2010 and 2011 elections in the Netherlands. There are several challenges when it comes to engaging people in party politics. The current findings in literature show us that previous efforts to shape public participation with prior Internet tools did not meet expectations. With Social Media this could change, because participation seems to be the key concept that explains the difference between ‘old’ web and ‘new’ Social Media. In the Netherlands, Social Media did not significantly influence voting behaviour during the local elections (2010/2011). But, during the national elections (2010), politicians with higher Social Media engagement got relatively more votes within most political parties. In conclusion, we propose a future research agenda to study how political parties could benefit from Social Media to reinvent and improve the way they work with their members and volunteers.

 =IRAK= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

http://www.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QiXYXZiUYoQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=Iraq+elections+and+social+media&ots=WMtq0g1iZL&sig=PJMnV4WSGBUAbtMlB6LIaOwWQfY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Iraq%20elections%20and%20social%20media&f=false
 * Air Wars : Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns 1952-2012 (Giren : Eme)

[]
 * Iraq: Parliamentary Elections Campaign Kicks Off ( Giren: Eme)

 =İTALYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Social media and political communication: A survey of Twitter users during the 2013 Italian general election (Giren: Sercan)
@http://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1426/75245 Cristian Vaccari, Augusto Valeriani, Pablo Barberá, Richard Bonneau, John T. Jost, Jonathan Nagler, Joshua Tucker, Social media and political communication: A survey of Twitter users during the 2013 Italian general election, in "Rivista italiana di scienza politica" 3/2013, pp. 381-410, doi: 10.1426/75245

* İtalya'daki seçimlerde sosyal medyayı aktif olarak kullanan bir aday: Beppe Grillo (Giren: Gökhan)
Grillo'nun kişisel blogu: [] Grillo'nun toplantılarını düzenlemek için çokça kullandığı bir platform: meetup @http://beppegrillo.meetup/

* Social Media and Political Communication (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social media have become increasingly relevant in election campaigns, as both politicians and citizens have integrated them into their communication toolkits. However, little is known about which types of citizens employ social media to discuss politics and stay informed about current affairs and how they integrate the messages and social connections they encounter through these online networks with their offline repertoires of political action. In this article, we address these issues by investigating Italians who discussed politics on Twitter during the 2013 general election campaign.

 =İRAN= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Using Social Media to Gauge Iranian Public Opinion and Mood After the 2009 Election (Giren: Sercan)
[] In the months after the contested Iranian presidential election in June 2009, Iranians used Twitter — a social media service that allows users to send short text messages, called tweets, with relative anonymity — to speak out about the election and the protests and other events that followed it. The authors of this report used an automated content analysis program called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2007 (LIWC) to analyze more than 2.5 million tweets discussing the Iran election that were sent in the nine months following it. The authors (1) identify patterns in word usage over the nine-month period and (2) examine whether these patterns coincided with political events, to gain insight into how people may have felt before, during, and after those events. For example, they compare how the frequencies with which negative sentiments were directed toward President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, his election opponents, and President Barack Obama changed over time, and they track the way in which the use of swear words sharply increased in the days leading up to specific protests. Particularly in countries where freedom of expression is limited, automated analysis of social media appears to hold promise for such policy uses as assessing public opinion or outreach efforts and forecasting events such as large-scale protests.

* Twitter Free Iran: an Evaluation of Twitter's Role in Public Diplomacy and Information Operations in Iran's 2009 Election Crisis (Giren: Sercan)
[] We examine Twitter's role during Iran's 2009 election crisis using a comparative analysis of Twitter investors, US State Department diplomats, citizen activists and Iranian protesters and paramilitary forces. We code for key events during the election's aftermath from 12 June to 5 August 2009, and evaluate Twitter.

* Iran protests: Twitter, the medium of the movement (Giren: Sercan)
[] Grossman, L. (2009). Iran protests: Twitter, the medium of the movement. Time Magazine, 17.

* Media, Power, and Politics in the Digital Age: The 2009 Presidential Election Uprising in Iran (Giren: Sercan)
[] Focusing on the Iranian presidential elections of 2009 and ensuing demonstrations in major cities across Iran and world, Media, Power, and Politics in the Digital Age provides a balanced discussion of the role and impact of modern communication technologies, particularly the novel utilization of 'small digital media' vis-^-vis the elections and global media coverage. Written in a non-technical, easy to read, and accessible manner, the volume will appeal to scholars, students, policy makers and print professionals alike. To provide a global overview of media coverage and diverse perspectives on the controversial 2009 presidential election, this book consists of 24 original essays, covering issues from global media coverage to new media-social networking, from the ideological-political dimensions to the cultural facets of the elections. Organized in a cohesive manner, the writing styles and presentation remain varied and richly informative.

[] Iran’s hotly contested 2009 presidential elections and its tumultuous aftermath have been a source for numerous op-eds, policy speeches, and activist events from Tehran to New York and everywhere in between--to this day.
 * Mardomi Nejad VS The Greens Irans Political Struggle Captured In Election Posters (Giern: Eme)

 =İSKOÇYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

[] Libri. Volume 62, Issue 2, Pages 109–124, ISSN (Online) 1865-8423, ISSN (Print) 0024-2667, DOI: 10.1515/libri-2012-0008, June 2012
 * Does Scotland ‘like’ This? Social Media Use by Political Parties and Candidates in Scotland during the 2010 UK General Election Campaign (Giren: Sercan)

 =İSVEÇ= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign (Giren: Sercan)
[] This article utilizes emerging online tools and presents a rationale for data collection and analysis of Twitter users. The suggested approach is exemplified with a case study: Twitter use during the 2010 Swedish election. Although many of the initial hopes for e-democracy appear to have gone largely unfulfilled, the successful employment of the internet during the 2008 US presidential campaign has again raised voices claiming that the internet, and particularly social media applications like Twitter, provides interesting opportunities for online campaigning and deliberation. Besides providing an overarching analysis of how Twitter use was fashioned during the 2010 Swedish election campaign, this study identifies different user types based on how high-end users utilized the Twitter service.

* Political and Media Systems Matter: A Comparison of Election News Coverage in Sweden and the United States (Giren: Sercan)
[] This study compares the news coverage of election campaigns in three Swedish newspapers at the time of the 2002 national election and three U.S. newspapers at the time of the 2004 presidential election. The results from the content analysis show that the metaframe of politics as a strategic game was more common in the U.S. newspapers, while the metaframe of politics as issues was more common in the Swedish newspapers. U.S. articles were also more likely to use the horse-race and political strategy frames. While U.S. coverage was predominantly descriptive in focus, an interpretive journalistic style was more often dominant in the Swedish articles. The results also show that the U.S. news stories were triggered by the words and actions of the campaigns more often than the Swedish news stories.

 =JAPONYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* ‘Presidentialization’ in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan (Giren: Sercan)
[] ELLIS S. KRAUSS and BENJAMIN NYBLADE (2005). ‘Presidentialization’ in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan. British Journal of Political Science, 35, pp 357-368 doi:10.1017/S0007123405000190

* Japanese election campaigns in social media (Giren: Yuan)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILjxzdgrX1E Japan is preparing for parliamentary elections. And for the first time, candidates are campaigning on the web. It means many are getting a crash course in the politics of the Internet. Aljazeera's Rob McBride reports from Japan.

* E-Elections: Time for Japan to Embrace Online Campaigning (Giren: Yuan)
http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/documents/S2JP11%20E-Elections%20Time%20for%20Japan%20to%20Embrace%20Online%20Campaigning.pdf This article particularly focuses on the struggle of Japan to balance technological innovation, legal regulation, and individual rights. More specifically, it examines the conflict between Japan’s election laws and the desire of Japanese politicians, political parties, and voters to fully utilize the Internet’s capabilities to freely express themselves online during official election periods. Japan has interpreted its election laws to prohibit online campaigning and curb online voter activity during the official campaign period immediately preceding an election.

* EDITORIAL: Internet election campaigns can change Japan's politics ( Giren: Yuan)
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/views/editorial/AJ201304200031 The ban on the use of the Internet for election campaigns will finally be lifted in Japan, starting with the Upper House poll in July.

 =KANADA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* The facebook effect? on-line campaigning in the 2008 canadian and us elections (Giren: Sercan)
[] Small, T. (2008). The facebook effect? on-line campaigning in the 2008 canadian and us elections. POLICY, 85.

 =KENYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Uhuratta Kenyatta Campaign (Giren: Zeynep)
[] Uhuru Kenyatta TV was created to serve as alternative platform to TV selling his campaign. Footage from all rallies and campaigns would be edited, uploaded and shared across Uhuru Kenyatta Social Media platforms in Real-Time!

 =MALEZYA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Democratisation in Malaysia: The impact of social media in the 2008 general election (Giren: Sercan)
[] Sani, M. A. M., & Zengeni, K. T. (2010, July). Democratisation in Malaysia: The impact of social media in the 2008 general election. In Paper was presented to the 18th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia in Adelaide.

* [|Malaysia’s 13th General Election: Social Media and its Political Impact] (Giren: Yuan)
https://www.academia.edu/4446983/Malaysias_13th_General_Election_Social_Media_and_its_Political_Impact In February 2013, two-and-half months before Malaysia’s 13th general elections (GE13), Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak was quoted widely in the media that the country will experience its first “social media election”(Zahiid, 2013).The significance of his remarks lies in the exponential growth of social media users in Malaysia over the preceding five years. During the previous election in 2008, there were 800,000 Facebook and 3,429 Twitter users in Malaysia. However, by 2013 these numbers had increased to 13,220,000 for Facebook and 2,000,000 for Twitter users (Forest-interactive.com, 2013)

*** INTERNET POLITICS AND STATE MEDIA CONTROL: CANDIDATE WEBLOGS IN MALAYSIA** (Giren: Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** This paper underscores the importance of online research in illuminating the social processes underlyingInternet effects on politics. It is an empirical study of the effect of blogs on the 2008 general election inMalaysia that demonstrates the significant positive effect of having a blog on the likelihood of winning a Parliamentary seat, independent of controls. Theoretically, I expect that use of the Internet is a sound political strategy for disseminating information, given the Malaysian government’s censorship of traditional print and broadcast media. Using the population of electoral candidates in the 2008 general election (N=471), I estimate a logistic model predicting the effects of having a blog on winning a Parliamentary seat. The results show that opposition candidates benefit significantly more from having a blog than do non-opposition candidates, as blogging provides opportunities denied to them by Malaysia's statecontrolled media. Bloggers are more than seven times as likely to win an election compared to nonbloggers, controlling for incumbency, party membership, and race. This analysis also makes an exploratory effort to identify social mechanisms that can explain the effect of blogs. In addition to being an alternative source of information, blogs' potential for building interpersonal relationships and their role as mobilization tools are discussed using qualitative examples.

=MISIR= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Morsi Meter (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://www.morsimeter.com/en This is an attempt to monitor the performance of the recently elected president Mohamed Morsiby documenting what have been achieved as opposed to his promises.

http://www.mei.edu/content/article/egypts-election-beyond-foregone-conclusion The current election in Egypt does not have the dynamism and variety that marked the first round of the 2012 election, when hopes were still high for a quick transition to democracy and stability. But General Sisi is indeed popular and will win this election, while Hamdeen Sabahi has put up a necessary and valiant competitive bid. Sisi will face difficult challenges and rising demands once in office. It is not clear how long his popularity will hold out in the face of very difficult [|socioeconomic conditions] and a [|security situation] that is unlikely to stabilize anytime soon. On the other hand, if he is able to bring back a modicum of stability and show that investment, Gulf aid, and large initiatives are getting the Egyptian economy moving at a healthy pace, he could have a longer tenure.
 * Egypt's Election: Beyond the Foregone conclusion ( Giren: Eme )

http://timep.org/presidential-elections-monitoring/sisis-unconventional-campaign Sisi’s official campaign has also not been very active on the ground, instead focusing on outreach to the media, social media, and the delegations that come visit the former Field Marshal on a daily basis. In a rare attempt to reach out directly to voters, the Sisi campaign’s youth committee began distributing 300,000 energy saving light bulbs but reportedly ceased doing so when the body supervising the elections noted that such a campaign tactic could be illegal.
 * Sisi's Unconventional campaign ( Giren: Eme)

 =NORVEÇ= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Platform for Individualized Campaigning? Social Media and Parliamentary Candidates in the 2009 Norwegian Election Campaign (Giren: Sercan)
[] This article argues that the effect of new technology depends on the contextual characteristics of the campaign, most importantly the nomination process and the electoral system. It investigates the effect of online social media on individual candidate campaigning through a study of parliamentary candidates' use of social media in the 2009 Norwegian election campaign, a campaign environment with few incentives for candidates to undertake individualized campaigning, using the 2009 Norwegian Candidate Study.

 =SİNGAPUR= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* Tweets and Votes: A Study of the 2011 Singapore General Election (Giren: Sercan)
[] This study focuses on the uses of Twitter during the elections, examining whether the messages posted online are reflective of the climate of public opinion. Using Twitter data obtained during the official campaign period of the 2011 Singapore General Election, we test the predictive power of tweets in forecasting the election results.

* 5 Ways Social Media Has Impacted The Singapore General Election (Giren: Yuan)
http://www.techinasia.com/social-media-singapore-general-election/ It is clear that the Internet has played an important role in shaping the electoral results in 2011.

* Impact of New Media on General Election 2011 (Giren: Yuan)
http://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/event/impact-of-new-media-on-general-election-2011

Whether the general election in May deserved the epithet of ‘Singapore’s First Internet Election”, there is no doubt that new media played a significant role in the way political parties and candidates communicated with voters, and the way citizens communicated with one another. The Institute of Policy Studies is bringing you a conference aimed at a more insightful understanding of the impact of the Internet on the polls. This one-day event will showcase a multi-study project led by IPS that brings together a dozen researchers from several other institutions including the National University of Singapore, the Nanyang Technological University and SIM University. The studies focus on the impact of what is done online and offline by the different players (parties and candidates, bloggers, mainstream media, opinion makers; voters); the consequences to the voter (their political knowledge, the perception of candidates and parties; and their voting behaviour); and the role of technology (social media, mobile telephony). One highlight of the conference is a nation-wide survey of voters that reveals how they use different media, from newspapers to television, blogs, Facebook and Twitter. The survey also examines their political attitudes, their political activities during the polls and their voting decisions.

*How impactful was social media in Singapore's General Elections? (Giren: Yuan)
http://www.zdnet.com/how-impactful-was-social-media-in-singapores-general-elections-2062100823/ The dust has settled from the great tussle that Singapore's General Elections 2011 (or 'watershed elections' as some put it). We know that the use of social media by the politicians and by citizenry was liberalized and resulted in a lot of interest.

*THE DIGITAL HEARTLAND: SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION IN SINGAPORE (Giren: Yuan)
http://www.blackbox.com.sg/wp_new/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Social-Media-and-Elections-in-Asia-Pacific-David.pdf The fact that social media took the lead on election night should not have come as a surprise. Throughout the 2011 election, social media played a big part in driving the campaign narrative. Social media was also arguably a key contributor to the record vote recorded against the ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) which was just shy of 40%.

 =SURİYE= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

http://www.merip.org/mer/mer174/syrias-parliamentary-elections Remodeling Asad's Political Base scholar research.
 * Syria's Parliamentary Elections ( Giren : Eme)

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/02/facebook-bashar-al-assad-campaign-syria-election [|The Syria Campaign] on Monday launched [|an online petition], calling on the social-media giant to cut off Assad’s Sawa (meaning “together” in Arabic) campaign. [|The Sawa Facebook] site, launched on 10 May, has so far attracted more than 200,000 “likes”. Advertisements for the Sawa campaign briefly appeared alongside some people’s Facebook pages, depending on their likes and interests; according to the activists, such ads have appeared alongside the pages of Syrians who stand against the Assad regime.
 * Facebook pressured to refuse access to Assad campaign in Syria election ( Giren: Eme)

http://www.ibtimes.com/election-war-zone-no-one-expects-syrias-assad-lose-one-1589531 If this were a real election, the campaign issues would be monumental, but as it is, the only issue is who can and will vote. An estimated 40 percent of the country is now outside government control, and Syrians who live in those areas have no way to reach the polls, which will be situated only in government-controlled areas. At least two million Syrians have fled the country, many of them with nothing but the clothes on their backs, as government warplanes bombarded their towns. Left without proper identification, hundreds of thousands of Syrians crossed through the porous Turkish and Lebanese borders to seek refuge. They are barred from voting in Syria’s upcoming election because they “exited illegally.”
 * Election In War Zone: No One Expects Syria's Assad To Lose This One ( Giren: Eme )

 =TAYLAND= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

How influential is social media in Thailand’s election? (Giren: Yuan)
[] I’ve read, seen and heard a number of statements discussing the role of social media in Thailand politics. Most conclude that the role of social media will be “huge” in the forthcoming Thai election, however the subject is somewhat more complicated and worth exploring.

* [|Thailand: Social media, elections, and politics] (Giren: Yuan)
http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/05/21/thailand-social-media-elections-and-politics/ Jon Russell writes how [|politicians in Thailand] are using the social media in preparation for the coming elections.

* Thailand elections- use of social media (Giren: Yuan)
http://electionsinthenews.blogspot.com.tr/2011/07/thailand-elections-use-of-social-media.html

* Free Space of Expression: New Media and Thailand’s Politics (Giren: Yuan)
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/asia-media/09286.pdf Abstract: The rise of new media in Thailand has occurred during one of the toughest periods in Thailand’s recent political history. A political crisis since 2005 has created an increasingly divided society. whilst Thailand’s press freedom was previously considered “free,” existing political challenges are immense and challenge directly Thailand’s taboo topic - the monarchy. The state controlled and anti-competitive nature of Thailand’s traditional media has meant a siding with the status quo. State censorship and even self-censorship in the media is common. new media seems to be the only way people can discuss freely their political beliefs. or is that really so? This report is an investigation into the political usage of new media in Thailand from varying viewpoints of politicians, activists and Thai internet users.

 =TUNUS= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

*Tunisia Opens First Election Campaign Since Uprising ( Giren: Eme)
[] Tunisia's cities were decorated with posters for hundreds of candidates from scores of new parties when campaigning began on Saturday for what is billed as the first free election in the country's history.

*Tunisia's Electoral lesson: The Importance of Campaign Strategy ( Giren: Eme)
[] The large secular parties’ reliance on advertising and reluctance to meet voters outside of the major cities made it difficult for undecided, rural voters, to put their confidence in them. The majority of Tunisians showed this weekend that Ennahda not only understood their preferences, but also that Tunisian voters cannot be taken for granted and should be reached out to directly. As the final votes are tallied, secular parties should reflect on the valuable lesson that was taught this weekend.

 =UK= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* (Wisdom of the Crowds)2: 2010 UK Election Prediction with Social Media (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2012.705080#.U4CUJ_mSx0E] The vote share of the 2010 UK general election is forecasted here by applying twice the concept behind Galton's predictive “wisdom of the crowds,” first, by aggregating at the media level (Facebook, Twitter, Twitter Sentiment, YouTube, Google) the political opinion of the audience and second, by averaging at the media level each prediction.

* 'Open Source Campaigning?’: UK Party Organisations and the Use of the New Media in the 2010 General Election (Giren: Sercan)
[] This paper examines efforts by UK parties to use new social media tools to mobilize members and wider supporters in the 2010 General election. It focuses on five parties specifically – Labour, the Conservatives, the LibDems, the Scottish Nationalist Party and the British National Party – each of which, set up separate campaign ‘hubs’ on the web for non-members to join, network and most importantly undertake action for the party.

* The Formation of Campaign Agendas: A Comparative Analysis of Party and Media Roles in Recent American and British Elections (Giren: Sercan)
[] This unusual volume seeks to accomplish three related goals:
 * to assess the extent and limits of media power in election campaigns
 * to extend the concept of media agenda-setting to include the contributions of powerful news sources in the process of election agenda formation
 * to evaluate the impact of national system variables (differences in political and media systems) on the balance of party and media forces in the formation of campaign agendas

* Virtually Members: The Facebook and Twitter Followers of UK. Political Parties (Giren: Gökhan)
@http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Virtually_Members.pdf?1366125743 The internet and social media are having a profound effect on British politics: it will re-shape the way elections are won and lost, how policy is made, and how people get involved in formal and informal politics. In this series of short briefing papers, the Centre for the Analysis of Social Media (CASM) will be looking at how the changing ways we communicate and coordinate will alter politics, including the importance of social media campaigning in marginal seats and whether Twitter can predict elections. Authors will include Alberto Nardelli (Tweetminster), Angus Bankes (JustAddRed) and Matthew Cain (Trufflenet).

===* #UKelection2010, mainstream media and the role of the internet: how social and digital media affected the business of politics and journalism (United Kingdom) (Giren Tuğba) []=== Abstract:** The 2010 UK election was billed as the internet election, the social media election – with much attention focused on how campaigners, commentators and voters would respond to ground-breaking digital campaigns elsewhere; notably in the United States. From Twitter to Facebook, through viral crowdsourced ads, sentiment tracking and internet polling, technology appeared to offer political parties and mainstream media organisations powerful new ways to engage voters and audiences. And there were high hopes that new forms of personal expression through blogs and social networks would widen participation and the range of democratic voices. Ironically, the biggest media story of the 2010 election ended up being a television event: a setpiece leadership debate which turned the campaign on its head – with the internet seen as something of a sideshow. For the sceptics, this was proof that old media stil called the shots and that the claims of the digital evangelists were overblown. But this paper argues that the 2010 election did mark another significant milestone in the onward march of the internet, with unprecedented levels of participation and new techniques providing extra layers of information, context and real-time feedback, which complemented and enriched more traditional forms of media.

== =USA= (baştaki menüye geri dön)

* SİYASAL SEÇİM KAMPANYALARINDA YENİ İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ VE BLOG KULLANIMI: 2008 AMERİKA BAŞKANLIK SEÇİMLERİNE YÖNELİK KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ (Giren Tuğba)
[] ÖZET: Günümüzde siyasal seçim kampanyalarının doğası, 21. yüzyılın dinamikleri gereği farklılaşmış durumdadır. Bunun en önemli nedenlerinden biri de yeni iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmelerdir. Yeni iletişim teknolojileriyle seçmene doğrudan ulaşabilme imkânının bulunması, seçim kampanyalarını da etkilemekte ve daha farklı stratejilerin uygulandığı bir süreci zorunlu kılmaktadır. Öte yandan yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin internet sayesinde gelişiminin hızlandığını da göz ardı etmemek gerekmektedir. Amerika gibi gelişmiş ülkelerde, her iki kişiden birinin internet kullanıcısı olduğu düşünüldüğünde, bu durumun seçim kampanyalarında dikkate alınması gerektiği görülmektedir. Yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesi beraberinde yeni iletişim ortamlarını da getirmektedir. Bu mecralardan biri de bloglardır. İnternet günlüğü olarak kullanılan bloglar, başta 2008 Amerika Başkanlık Seçimleri olmak üzere, içeriği ve kullanım kolaylığı açısından seçim kampanyalarının da gözde mecralarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle siyasal kampanyalar, yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin kullanımları ve internet, seçim kampanyaları ve bloglar, Amerika’da yeni iletişim teknolojileri, internet ve blog kullanımı, 2008 Amerika Başkanlık Seçimleri’nde blogların nasıl kullanıldığı tartışılacaktır. Bu tartışmanın ardından Barack Obama ve John McCain’in bloglarından seçmene nasıl ulaştıklarına ilişkin, Gibson, Margolis, Resnick ve Ward’un (2001) “Election Campaigning on the WWW in the US and the UK: A Comparative Analysis” adlı çalışmasında kullandıkları yöntem temel alınarak bir inceleme yapılacaktır.

* Barack Obama'nın 2008 başkanlık seçim sürecini kazanmasında yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve sosyal medyanın kullanımı (Giren: Sercan)
[] eknolojinin hızla gelişmekte olduğu bilgi çağı olarak da adlandırılan yirmi birinci yüzyıla girdiğimiz bu yıllarda, politikacılar siyasi rakiplerine karşı ütsün gelmek, seçmen kitlelerinin desteğini almak amacıyla kullandıkları yöntem ve tekniklerde de değişikliklere giderek yeni iletişim teknolojilerinden ve dolayısıyla sosyal medyadan yararlanmaya başlamışlardır. Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin tarihinde ilk defa siyah bir aday, Barack Obama, başkanlık yarışında yer almış ve 4 Kasım 2008 tarihinde yapılan başkanlık seçiminde etkin ve başarılı bir şekilde kullandığı web-tabanlı yeni iletişim teknolojileri sayesinde sıra dışı bir seçim kampanyası yürüterek rakip partiye karşı bir üstünlük kazanmış ve Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin 44ncü Devlet Başkanı seçilmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, Barack Obama ve Demokrat Partinin kendilerini zafere götüren seçim kampanyaları ve çalışmaları sürecinde web-tabanlı yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve sosyal medyanın kullanımını ve bunların kampanya sürecindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla hazırlanan dört bölüme ayrılan çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, siyasal iletişim kavramı, süreci ve siyasal iletişim kapsamında siyasal pazarlama, reklamcılık ve halkla ilişkiler olguları incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, Amerikan Siyasal Sistemi, ABD Başkanlık Seçimi süreci ve televizyon ve radyonun kitle iletişiminde kullanılmaya başlamasında bu yana ABD seçim kampanyalarında kullanılan iletişim teknolojileri irdelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, Web 2.0 tabanlı iletişim teknolojileri ve sosyal medya kavramı üzerinde durulmakta ve son bölümde ise 2008 yılı ABD Başkanlık seçim sürecinde Barack Obama ve partisinin web-tabanlı yeni iletişim teknolojileri ve sosyal medyayı kullanım biçimleri incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasal İletişim, 2008 ABD Başkanlık Seçimleri, Barack Obama, Web 2.0, Sosyal Medya

* How Barack Obama Is Using Web 2.0 to Run for President (Giren: Nesli)
[]

=
A fundamental understanding of communication has always been at the center of a politician's arsenal, but a firm grasp on the future of communication can be the secret weapon that wins the war. For Franklin D. Roosevelt, it was radio. For John F. Kennedy, it was television. And for Barack Obama, it is [|social media].=====

* Network Issue Agendas on Twitter During the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election (Giren: Sercan)
[] Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. L. (2014). Network Issue Agendas on Twitter During the 2012 US Presidential Election. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 296-316.

* Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students' Use of Online Media and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2010.516863#.U4CK3vmSx0E] Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students' use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election.Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630.

* Which candidates do the public discuss online in an election campaign?: The use of social media by 2012 presidential candidates and its impact on candidate salience (Giren: Sercan)
[] Sounman Hong, Daniel Nadler, Government Information Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 4, October 2012, Pages 455–461

* From Networked Nominee to Networked Nation: Examining the Impact of Web 2.0 and Social Media on Political Participation and Civic Engagement in the 2008 Obama Campaign (Giren: Sercan)
[|http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15377857.2011.540224#.U4CaBPmSx0E] This article explores the uses of Web 2.0 and social media by the 2008 Obama presidential campaign and asks three primary questions: (1) What techniques allowed the Obama campaign to translate online activity to on-the-ground activism? (2) What sociotechnical factors enabled the Obama campaign to generate so many campaign contributions? (3) Did the Obama campaign facilitate the development of an ongoing social movement that will influence his administration and governance?

* Yes We Did! An inside look at how social media built the Obama brand (Giren: Sercan)
[] In Yes We Did, new media strategist and campaign headquarters volunteer Rahaf Harfoush gives us a behind the-scenes look at the campaign’s use of technology, from its earliest days through election night. She reveals strategic insights organizations can apply to their own brands. Discover how unwavering strategic vision and collaborative technologies—email, blogs, social networks, Twitter, and SMS messaging—empowered a formidable online community to help elect the world’s first “digital” President.

[] During the 2012 presidential campaign an explosion of photo-shopped images circulated that depicted President Obama as unpatriotic. The ‘crotch salute’, ‘left-hand salute’, and ‘Veterans Day non-salute’ serve as case studies for understanding the role of trolling in the public sphere and Internet politics in an era of social networks and circulation. This paper tracks the cultural practices and logics of ‘sharing’ political memes and conceptualises memes as part of an agonistic public sphere and media ecology. Obama trolling is facilitated through the techno-cultural affordances of memes, which can only become public because of their mimetic form and sterilised partial anonymity. The paper seeks to conceptualise trolling as a broader cultural practice, which can be considered political. Normative assumptions about these memes would portray this trafficking as destructive to deliberative democracy but when understood as a generative cultural practice, trolling becomes central to articulating political emotions in social networks. Photo-shopped Obama salutes, in addition to Big Bird, binder, and bayonet memes, express not only political identities but also larger cultural values within networked popular culture.
 * Obma Trolling : Memes, Salutes and Agonistic Politics in the 2012 Presidential Election (Giern: Eme)

*How the Presidential Candidates Use the Web and Social Media (Giren: Yuan)
[] A new study of how the campaigns are using digital tools to talk directly with voters-bypassing the filter of traditional media-finds that the Obama campaign posted nearly four times as much content as the Romney campaign and was active on nearly twice as many platforms.

[] Abstract As with the other presidential elections from this decade, the 2008 election was followed by considerable speculation as to how new efforts to mobilize voters affected the eventual outcome. Although the conventional wisdom implies that “Democrats benefit from higher turnout,” previous research in political science demonstrates that such a conclusion applies to actual election results inconsistently.
 * Voter Mobilization and the Obama Victory ( Giren : Eme)

* Media Predictors during the 2012 Presidential Election: Political Understanding, Discussion and Candidate Likeability (Giren: Tuğba)
[]

Abstract: This study examined the influence of traditional and online media variables on political understanding, discussion and likeability of the major 2012 U.S. presidential candidates. Political information seeking on web sites and blogs contributed to confidence in understanding political issues but not for reducing the complexity of government. All three online sources studied predicted increased interpersonal communication about politics, as did viewing television news and listening to radio news. Almost all of the media variables influenced evaluations of the major party candidates with some reducing positive evaluations and others increasing them. Exposure to radio news was consistent predictor but varied based on measurement and candidate. Future studies should consider greater complexity of measures to consider type of discussion and social media.

* Government Information Quarterly (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The effects of new communication technologies on election campaigns, and the effectiveness of mediacentered campaign strategies more broadly, remain ongoing subjects for debate in political science. This study provides some of the first empirical evidence about the potential impact of social media on the 2012 U.S. presidential elections, by testing the association between “candidate salience” and the candidates' level of engagement in online social media sphere. We define “candidate salience” as the extent to which candidates are discussed online by the public in an election campaign, and have selected the number of mentions presidential candidates receive on the social media site, Twitter, as means of quantifying their salience. This strategy allows us to examine whether social media, which is widely recognized as disruptive in the broader economic and social domains, has the potential to change the traditional dynamics of U.S. election campaigns. We find that while social media does substantially expand the possible modes and methods of election campaigning, high levels of social media activity on the part of presidential candidates have, as of yet, resulted in minimal effects on the amount of public attention they receive online.

* Presidential Politics: The Social Media Revolution (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social media is without a doubt shaping the future of presidential campaigning in America. The invention of the Internet (a connection of small computer networks to a vast array of computer networks from around the world) has made it possible for people today to create social webs entirely free of physical interaction. In the scope of political campaigning, this notion brings to the table a plethora of new concepts; for starters, online users form an entirely new demographic construction than the typically understood United States voter population. Second, the fundraising game doesn’t necessarily depend on who you know but rather how many and finally, the connection of people via social networks online easily translates into volunteer organizations offline. In the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections President Barack Obama watched as the Internet shifted the behaviors and expectations of the American populous, and appropriately realized his campaign strategy needed to reflect those changes. Therefore, this thesis will focus on how the Internet introduced social media and online social networks into politics and how President Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate to seriously integrate social media into his campaign strategy.

* The Effect of Social Media in the 2012 Presidential Election (Giren: Tuğba)
[]


 * Abstract: Social networking has transformed the way people communicate and has allowed for constant access to each other. The Internet created a new outlet for almost every aspect of life. Not only has the real world been placed right at everyone’s fingertips as soon as they go near a computer, but this access has created a perpetual stream of media. These new forms of communication via social networking are not just for reconnecting with old friends. The usage of these social sites provides new, previously unavailable connections of which politicians have begun to take advantage. Social media has required a reconstruction in the way political campaigns are run. Now the campaign can never be shut off. People constantly search for election news and updates and even when they are not, the candidates wish they were. President Obama and former Governor Romney each approached the online campaign with different tactics. The effect of social media in the 2012 presidential election campaigns of President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney showed a sharp contrast in the effective usage of online media and advertising in drawing the attention of voters.

* The New Campaign: Social Networking Sites inthe 2008 Presidential Election (Giren: Tuğba)
http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1210&context=stu_hon_theses

Abstract: This study examines how Social-Networking sites were used in the 2008 presidential election with emphasis on Facebook and how this use impacted the youth vote. The 2008 election was the first in the history of elections to utilize such campaign tactics. Findings indicated that social networking sites more than likely did have an impact on the election. Although this impact was not a direct impact, through political socialization, campaigning through Facebook did help increase awareness of election related information. Findings also indicated that a less is more strategy is better when using social-networking sites for campaigning as well as focusing messages sent through this medium to the targeted audience. Social-networking sites will likely be used in many elections to come to reach not only young voters, but voters of all ages. The use of these sites provides for a cheap, quick way to reach voters with a message that is not interpreted by a third party.

===* [|**__Social Media and the 2012 Election__**] (Giren: Tuğba)=== []

Abstract: The effect social media will have in these elections, then, is that they allow non-elites to frame and distribute content made by elites. The biggest change that can occur, then, is that framing by social media can shift how the professional media itself frames stories. Social media feeds the loop of news judgment.

* US Presidential Election 2012 Prediction using Census Corrected Twitter Model (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: US Presidential Election 2012 has been a very tight race between the two key candidates. There were intense battle between the two key candidates. The election reflects the sentiment of the electorate towards the achievements of the incumbent President Obama. The campaign lasted several months and the effects can be felt in the internet and twitter. The presidential debates injected new vigor in the challenger's campaign and successfully captured the electorate of several states posing a threat to the incumbent's position. Much of the sentiment in the election has been captured in the online discussions. In this paper, we will be using the original model described in Choy et. al. (2011) using twitter data to forecast the next US president.

* New Media: Transforming Presidential Politics or Just the Usual? (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The 2008 presidential campaigns was a historical campaign not only because it saw the first African American candidate, but because it saw the coming of a new media presidential campaign. New media refers to the growing number of electronic forms of communication made possible through computer technologies. The term includes social networking web sites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, which dabble in presenting news while fostering social networking (Graber 2009, 36). New media did leave a mark on the 2008 presidential campaign, but has it truly revolutionized political campaigns and is it effective tool when used for governing? My proposed central questions are did new media create higher interest and engagement in the 2008 election, particularly among young people? Does new media change the political environment in a way that advantages some types of candidates and disadvantages others? Finally, are presidents able to govern more effectively with new media?

* Social Media and Political Campaigns (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Within the selection of resources reviewed, the following subcategories were identified: President Obama‘s use of social media in the 2008 presidential campaign, the current use of social media in political campaigns, problems with social media use, and the future predictions for use of social media. This is the order in which the following research is presented. It is important to note that some of these sources could be applied to any and all categories.

* Democratic Process and Social Media: A Study of Us Presidential Election 2012 (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social media offers innovative opportunities for political actors, political institutions and the public to interact with one another. Drawing on examples from United States and the United Kingdom, this paper outlines how social media are currently being used in the political arena.

In America, many parliamentarians have created accounts on popular sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Orkut, MySpace and Flickr. The content posted on these sites may relate to policy issues and the official work of politicians or to aspects of their personal lives. All four political parties represented in American Senate have accounts on Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Flickr. Each party also has its own YouTube channel on which news clips, advertisements, and other video recordings related to the party and its officials are shared with the public. Links to these accounts are included on the official websites of each party, along with features that allow users to “bookmark” and share elements of the party’s websites with their online networks. Each party website also has unique social media features.

* Social Media and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This report is an analysis of social media in the 2008 U.S. presidential election from 30,000 feet. We evaluate conventional wisdom about social media and its applicability to political campaigns in particular and to public relations more generally. We contrast that conventional wisdom with empirical findings taken from the 2008 presidential campaign season, using data collected with Radian6. We place those findings in the context of existing research on political communication, political engagement, and the role of social media in communication campaigns. We conclude with predictions about future developments concerning social media, American politics, and reputation management using social media tools

* Cyber-Politics: How New Media has Revolutionized Electoral Politics in the United States (Giren Tuğba)
@http://commons.colgate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=car Abstract: This paper addresses the impact new media tools have on different segments of the electoral process in the United States. Specifically, it looks at the impact new media has by providing information, influencing the news cycle and setting agendas, shaping public opinion, providing more fundraising opportunities, increasing political participation and youth voter turnout, and changing election results. This paper does so by drawing on systematic studies, data from the Pew Research Center, and case studies, specifically that of the 2008 Presidential Election. This analysis is unique in that it uses very current information, focusing on the 2008 election, as this was the first election in which new media was fully integrated into campaign strategies. It is also unique in that it analyzes several types of new media including social networks, blogging, campaign websites, and Internet fundraising. These findings suggest that new media does influence and shape the course of the electoral process in the United States through the six aspects of the electoral process presented in this paper.

* THE NEW MEDIA IN THE 2008 U.S. PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN: THE NEW YORK TIMES WATCHES ITS BACK States (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: A reading of New York Times’ coverage of the 2008 presidential campaign demonstrates that America’s most influential newspaper paid a great deal of attention to the role of new media (and some old media – television, cable television, television advertising) in the campaign. As a kind of reader’s diary chronicling the Times’ account, this article fi nds that the news coverage emphasised a new intensity, a remarkable ubiquity, and a note of anarchism in the new communication media, enabling citizens with little connection to candidate or party power centres to at least briefl y gain national notoriety in political news.

* Social media in election campaigning States (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Low engagement of citizens in politics and ever declining voter turnout are taken as evidence of a democratic deficit in the European Union. By providing a new form of communication among politicians and citizens, social media may provide a way of increasing citizen involvement in political life, especially during election campaigns. Social media allow political actors, particularly smaller parties or less well-known candidates, to bypass mass-media filters. They can influence journalists who follow social media for story ideas. Whilst specific targeting of voters, which has proven effective elsewhere, may be problematic in much of the EU, messages can at least be targeted at the young, the largest group of social media users. They can be used to organise or reinforce participation in 'offline' events, and can increase the personal appeal of a candidate. The network effects of social media, amplifying as they do the transmission of a political message through social connections, make social media a valuable part of an election campaign. While social media is increasingly used in campaigns across Europe, the ultimate effect of this usage remains unclear. Some attribute the increasing levels of political activity on the internet to citizens who are already politically committed. It may be that social media have only a very limited effect on getting otherwise disengaged citizens to engage – even just to go out to vote. It will take time, and more elections such as the forthcoming May 2014 European Parliament election, to evaluate the true role that social media will come to play.

[] Abstract: Internet strategy now plays a central role in presidental campaigns. In 1996, a campaign's Inernet strategy meant having a Web site that by today's standards seems ameteurish. Internet strategy was allocated a tiny proportion of the campaign budget and was offen carried out by youger campaign staffers or volunteers with technical skill but littl political experience. Straffers complained that they could not get their candidates to mention the Web site in speeches or devote any money to site development. Web site were often litte more than "electonic brochure(s)."
 * New Media – The Cutting Edge of Campaign Communications (Giren Tuğba)

* New Challenges to Political Privacy: Lessons from the First U.S. Presidential Race in the Web 2.0 Era (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Pundits and scholars laud online campaigning for its potential to democratize politics and praise the 2008 Barack Obama campaign for using new information technologies to mobilize voters. Underneath these extraordinary forms of technologically-enabled political participation, however, is an infrastructure and industry for political data that has received far less attention. To help fill this gap in scholarly understanding, we provide an overview of the data practices of political campaigns over the last decade and take a particularly close look at many of the new tools used by the Obama campaign. As a call for further research, we then outline a set of potential normative concerns about this use of data. We suggest that the data practices of campaigns and other political organizations may undermine important democratic norms. Campaigns erode privacy and narrow political debate by using data on citizens and social networks to tailor messages and communicate with narrowly-defined segments of voters. The lack of policy oversight erodes institutional transparency and leaves citizens vulnerable to breeches in personal data.

* “Political Campaigns and New Media: A Changing Landscape” (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The emergence of more journalistic niches has created a more competitive media environment, with an increased reliance on political polling in campaign coverage. As the traditional media provide horse race coverage, the polling process is becoming more volatile and unreliable. Experts worry that this dependence on polls is detracting from more important subjects – such as understanding the importance of elections and forging relationships with political candidates. Meanwhile, new media are developing two-way dialogues between citizens and candidates. Traditional and new media are balancing one another, but it is unclear whether the scales will remain stable or tip, ushering in an era of altered political engagement.

* Presidential Communication in the Internet Era (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The new media environment and the rise of the Internet have had important implications for presidential communication. As the ﬁrst chief executives of the new media era, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush have established an online presence through the White House Web site, [|__www.whitehouse.gov__]. As the site has evolved, these administrations have had to balance the communication potential of technological innovations against the requirements of politics and governing. Future presidential administrations will embrace new opportunities and confront additional challenges as they seek to integrate new media options of the Web 2.0 era and beyond into their communications strategies.

* Obama’s Wired Campaign: Lessons for Public Health Communication (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: For those who still question the value of new media in public health campaigns, the election of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States can be instructive. Obama’s campaign strategy has been heralded for its impressive ability to reach,engage, and inspire supporters. The high level of public involvement was evident in the record numbers of people who volunteered, donated money, and, most importantly,turned out to vote for Obama (Swanson, 2008). While there are clearly manyfactors that contributed to Obama’s decisive win, including the demographics of his supporters, one contributing factor was his campaign’s innovative use of new media (Gardner, 2008; Swanson, 2008)—defined as media that are based on the use of digital technologies such as the Internet, digital video, and mobile devices (Abroms, Schiavo,& Lefebvre, 2008). These technologies were used to gain supporters and to mobilize them into action in ways that were unprecedented and untested in political campaigns.The Obama campaign’s use of new media has relevance for how we conduct andbuild communities around our own public health campaigns.

* Making an Impression in the 21st Century: An Examination of Campaign Use of New Media in the 2008 Presidential Nomination Campaign (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This paper examines and evaluates the use of new media tools by the presidential nomination candidates and their campaigns in 2008, particularly their eCampaign staffing, official websites, blogosphere buzz, social networking efforts, and YouTube activity. After a discussion of the new media in general and its use in the lead up to the 2008 primaries and caucuses, I evaluate the candidates’ efforts at utilizing new media, put forth a number of lessons that might be learned from this campaign cycle and a number of avenues that political science research should explore.

* Media, Pundits and the U.S. Presidential Election: Quantifying Political Leanings from Tweets (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Media outlets and pundits, at least those in the US, havebeen quick to embrace online social networks to disseminatetheir own opinions. But pundits' opinions and news coverage are often marked by a clear political bias, as widely evidenced during the _ercely contested 2012 U.S. Presidential elections. Given the wide availability of such data from sites like Twitter, a natural question is whether we can quantify the political leanings of media outlets using OSN data. In this work, by drawing a correspondence between tweeting and retweeting behavior, we formulate political leaning estimation as an ill-posed linear inverse problem with regularization. The result is a simple and scalable approach that does not require explicit knowledge of the network topology. We evaluated our method with a dataset of 119 million electionrelated tweets collected from April to November, and used it to study the political leanings of prominent tweeters and media sources.

* Messages, Micro-targeting, and New Media Technologies (Giren Tuğba)
http://www.cfinst.org/pdf/papers/09_Jamieson_Comment-on-Karpf.pdf Abstract: This article argues that new media technologies are likely to elicit changes in the content, tone, and potential electoral impact of those campaign messages micro-targeted through them with a resulting increase in the level of unaccountable, deceptive, pseudonymous campaigning. Access to data-mined information will increase the likelihood that the candidate with the larger warchest will gain an advantage by changing the composition of the electorate. In a world of microtargeted messaging, reporters have greater difficulty holding sponsors accountable and policing deception.

* The Effects of Social Media in Campaigning and Governing (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The government’s more recent use of Social Media has opened a gateway of instantaneous communication and interaction between constituents and elected officials. The most proactive use of Social Media was manifest in the 2008 Presidential Campaign by the Obama Campaign. Research shows that there is a significant relationship between attention to traditional Internet sources, political self-efficacy and situational political involvement as a result to Social Media. As media evolves, it is necessary to show the impact social media has had in the past, present and the impact it will have moving forward. Social Media has and will continue to play a major part in both society and politics and by 2016 all political parties will use Social Media to campaign. As more politicians seek to mirror the campaign strategies of the 2008 Obama Campaign team and also mirror the President’s current use of the Social Media to govern, there will be a need to establish limitations on what boundaries are present through the use of Social Media. Although Social Media and its relationship with Politics have its benefits, it also contains many drawbacks as well. The question at hand is whether or not Social Media can properly complement traditional media in hopes of bridging the gap between constituents and elected officials during campaigns and while governing.

* MEDIA USE IN THE 2012 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The evolution of media use by presidential candidates has come a long way from its inception years ago. What began as the use of newspapers or flyers eventually expanded into radio and then television. Recently, with the rapid growth of the internet, social media may be emerging as a part of campaigns that is just as important as the more traditional forms of media that have been utilized in the past. The use of online campaigning has grown rapidly. This growth will probably continue and will eventually lead to the use of the internet becoming the most important element of campaigning. In order to trace this trend toward online campaigning and to compare it with campaigning by using traditional media forms, in this study I follow four of the candidates that are running in the 2012 presidential election: Michele Bachman, Ron Paul, Mitt Romney, and President Obama. I track the candidates’ use of various social media sites, such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube and look at how they are utilizing each of those sites. In addition, I observe the candidates use of the traditional media forms. Newspapers are still an important forum for candidates and endorsements of major papers are coveted. However, the main form of traditional media that I will be looking at is television, because it is the most used and the most publicized method of campaigning. Candidates make numerous appearances on news and talk shows. The different uses of campaign commercials have been the subject of political debates for years.

* Twitter Bites and Romney: Examining the Rhetorical Situation of the 2012 Presidential Election in 140 Characters (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In 2008, Barack Obama revolutionized the digital campaign with Twitter and blogs. Now, in 2012, Twitter is a powerful venue for politicians, and Republican candidate Mitt Romney has used Twitter in an effort to disseminate effective messages to voters. For this study, I analyzed Romney’s tweets. From February 1 to May 31, 2012, his tweets build his credibility (ethos), express his reasoning (logos), and seek to emotional-ly connect with the audience (pathos), all by adapting to the rhetorical situation. Campaigns can examine and strengthen tweets to build a stronger connection with voters by communicating with them directly. Us-ing Twitter bites rather than sound bites chosen by the media middleman allows politicians to give their readers a firsthand experience that other media cannot accomplish.

* Obama vs. Romney as Social vs. Mass Media (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: What lessons can we learn about the power of media in Barack Obama’s decisive win over Mitt Romney in the 2012 US Presidential election? As Karl Popper often pointed out, you can learn more from failures than successes, so let’s look at the worst moment for each candidate in the campaign, and through which media those moments occurred or were brought to us. Barack Obama's worst moment, clearly, was his lackluster performance in the first Presidential debate. Nonverbally, he looked tired and uninterested. Verbally, he failed to engage Romney for most of the debate. In this traditional mass media event on television - seen by 60 million people - Obama was obviously at a loss.

*An Automated Approach to Investigating the Online Media Coverage of US Presidential Elections (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This paper presents the US Election 2004 Web Monitor, a public Web portal that cap‐tured trends in political media coverage before and after the 2004 US Presidential Election. Developed by the authors of this article, the webLyzard suite of Web mining tools provided the required functionality to aggregate and analyze about half amillion documents in weekly intervals ([|__www.webLyzard.com__]). The study paid particular attention to the editorial slant, defined as the quantity and tone of a Web site’s coverage as influ‐enced by its editorial position. The observable attention and attitude towards the candidates served as proxies of editorial slant. The system identified attention by determining the frequency of candidate references and measured attitude towards the candidate by looking for positive and negative expressions that co‐occur with these references. Key‐words and perceptual maps summarized the most important topics associated with the candidates, placing special emphasis on environmental issues.

* Citizens, Elections, and Governing in the New Media Era (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: iPolitics provides a current analysis of new media’s effects on politics, both at home and abroad. Politicians rely on Twitter, Facebook, andYouTube to exercise political power. Citizens also use these tools tovent political frustrations, join political groups, and organize revolutions. Political activists blog to promote candidates, solicit and coordinatefinancial contributions, and provide opportunities for volunteers.iPolitics describes the ways in which media innovations change how politicians and citizens engage the political arena. Most importantly,the volume emphasizes the implications of these changes for the promotion of democratic ideals. Among other things, contributors to this volume analyze whether the public’s political knowledge has increased or decreased in the new media era, the role television still plays in the information universe, the effect bloggers have had on the debate and outcome of health care reform, and the manner in which political leaders navigate the new media environment. Although the majority of contributors examine new media and politics in the United States, the volume also provides a unique comparative perspective on this relationshipusing cases from abroad.

* #Fail: The Misuse of Social Media in the 2012 US Presidential Campaign (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Many of the most important marketing techniques and technologies were tested and adopted in US Politics long before they were in other ﬁelds. Resources and hard metrics have led to an environment that is ripe for innovation. New technologies often cause legacy and frictional adoption problems. Applying old mentalities to new technologies has historically hampered their pace of adoption.

* NEW MEDIA & STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: You will watch a 15-minute clip from CSPAN about the 2008 presidential campaign. Then, you’ll discuss how social media has influenced politics and citizens’ involvement with politics. Finally, you’ll imagine yourself as the media director of a 2012 presidential candidate and write a proposal for how your campaign will establish itself through public relations, advertising, social media, and the internet.

* Politics, Journalism and Web 2.0 in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The explosion of new political speech in digital formats in the 2008 elections, especially those involving social networking, offered new opportunities and challenges for political journalists, campaign participants and voters alike. This review of new political media in 2008 examines how these new methods of political organizing and communications work and provides insights to further understand how media can best cover and participate in them. The thesis details how 2008 was the first fully Web 2.0 election, exhibiting its characteristics of interactivity, use of databases and the “long tail” of microniche Internet websites. Three new media uses — online, database-driven political speech fact checking as exemplified by PolitiFact; the social networking site Facebook; and interactive, no-cost video streaming on YouTube — illustrate where the changes from traditional political communications to new media are most dramatic. A heightened awareness of emerging political communications forms and a new model for political journalists’ interaction with news consumers and vastly different skills sets for reporters will be needed for news media to cover and participate in the new digital electorate.

* BLOGS AND BULLETS new media in contentious politics (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: New media, such as blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, have played a major role in episodes of contentious political action. They are often described as important tools for activists seeking to replace authoritarian regimes and to promote freedom and democracy,and they have been lauded for their democratizing potential. In this report from the United States Institute of Peace’s Centers of Innovation for Science, Technology, and Peacebuilding, and Media, Conflict, and Peacebuilding, a team of scholars from The George Washington University, in cooperation with scholars from Harvard University and Morningside Analytics, critically assesses both the “cyberutopian” and “cyberskeptic” perspectives on the impact of new media on political movements. The authors propose a more complex approach that looks at the role of new media in contentious politics from five interlocking levels of analysis: individual transformation, intergroup relations, collective action, regime policies, and external attention.

* ‘The Challenges to Journalism: how the “new” (digital) media affected the 2008 US Presidential (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The 2008 US Presidential election was historic for a variety of reasons. According to Professor Begleiter, one reason for this was the way in which the digital media interacted with the political campaign. Begleiter, the Rosenberg Professor of Communication at the University of Delawere and former CNN World Affairs Correspondent, drew on his wealth of knowledge and compellingly explored this further. The use of video clips throughout the address in particular was much appreciated by the audience. With the print news media having “receded into the background” in the US, and traditional broadcast news experiencing dwindling viewership, the “new” (digital) media has made unprecedented gains in its place. Undoubtedly the digital age “has arrived in politics in the US”.

* NEW DEMOCRACIES NEW MEDIA WHAT’S NEW? (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The wave of democratisation in the late twentieth century coincided with the rise of the Internet. This study considers whether the Internet, in the context of specific new democracies, facilitated forms of participation that strengthen citizens’ capacity for collective action and political influence. To answer this question, we compiled an inventory of e-democracy projects which have been initiated within ‘third wave’ democracies. From the 79 projects listed in the inventory, six were selected as subjects for descriptive case studies. The projects examined had a range of objectives, but all had in common the aim of using information and communication technology to mediate between established governmental power and the public.

* Social Media and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This report is an analysis of social media in the 2008 U.S. presidential election from 30,000 feet. We evaluate conventional wisdom about social media and its applicability to political campaigns in particular and to public relations more generally. We contrast that conventional wisdom with empirical findings taken from the 2008 presidential campaign season, using data collected with Radian6. We place those findings in the context of existing research on political communication, political engagement, and the role of social media in communication campaigns. We conclude with predictions about future developments concerning social media, American politics, and reputation management using social media tools.

* The Social Life of Social Networks: Facebook Linkage Patterns in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This paper examines the linkage patterns of people who posted links on the Facebook “walls” of Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and John McCain over two years prior to the 2008 U.S. Presidential election. Linkage patterns indicate the destinations to which participants in these social networking dialogues wished to send other participants. We show a strong integration of the Web 2.0 and new media technologies of social networking, online video, and blogs. Outside of video content, users tended to direct others to groups and applications within the Facebook community, but this homophilous behavior was more common for infrequent posters. Ten internet domains accounted for 90% of all links, and the top ten contained a mixture of news, candidate, and blog sites. We offer a discussion of the Facebook candidate walls as a public sphere for political discourse and introduce some design concepts for visualizing and navigating the walls.

* Political Fandom in the Age of Social Media: Case Study of Barack Obama’s 2008 Presidential Campaign (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Barack Obama’s use of social media in his 2008 Presidential Campaign has been widelyacclaimed and written about. Simultaneously, Obama’s ability to mobilize American youth not only energized his campaign, but ultimately became his strongest voting segment. This study aimed to explore how youth voters used social media to build a non-traditional voter-politician relationship with Barack Obama, how political fandom manifested itself during the campaign, and what this new, mediated relationship between politicians and voters could imply for the future of politics. The study drew primarily from Henry Jenkins discussion on fandom as well as Liesbet van Zoonen’s research on the convergence of entertainment and politics.

* SOCIAL MEDIA - THE NEW POWER OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Barack Obama’s 2008 US presidential campaign has oft en been described as the fi rst electoral campaign in which the use of social media had a decisive impact. The core of the web-based campaign was a well-designed, versatile and dynamic website, “my.barackobama.com”. The power of social media to aff ect society is based exclusively on its social aspects: this means interaction and participation. In several diff erent studies of citizen voting habits - ever since the classic Lazarsfeld investigation in the 1940s - results have shown that voting decisions are not usually based on one-step communication. More noteworthy is two-step communication, which means conversation with opinion leaders, colleagues, friends and acquaintances who can either consolidate or weaken the voter’s opinion.

* Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students’ Use of OnlineMedia and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This study examined college students’ use of online media for politicalpurposes in the 2008 election. Social media attention, online expression, andtraditional Internet attention were assessed in relation to political self-efficacyand situational political involvement. Data from a Web survey of college studentsshowed significant positive relationships between attention to traditionalInternet sources and political self-efficacy and situational political involvement.Attention to social media was not significantly related to politicalself-efficacy or involvement. Online expression was significantly related tosituational political involvement but not political self-efficacy. Implicationsare discussed for political use of online media for young adults.

* The Social Pulpit Barack Obama’s Social Media Toolkit (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Barack Obama won the presidency in a landslide victory (by a margin of nearly 200 electoral votes and 8.5 million popular votes) by converting everyday people into engaged and empowered volunteers, donors and advocates through social networks, e-mail advocacy, text messaging and online video. The campaign’s proclivity to online advocacy is a major reason for his victory. Since the election, the social media programs adopted by Obama’s transition team have foreshadowed significant changes in how Obama, as president, will communicate with – and more importantly – through the mass of supporters who were collected, cultivated and channeled during the campaign. Obama wants to be the first president to govern with BlackBerry in hand; he will certainly be the first with a legion of 13 million advocates at his fingertips.

* The 2012 Reilly Center for Media & Public Affairs Election Survey (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: A great deal of attention in the presidential election campaign of 2012 has focused on the use of social media by candidates. The Obama campaign has been declared the “winner” in social media use, surpassing the Romney campaign in “digital effort” with more platforms, posts, and tweets.1 While much has been made about the use of social media in this campaign, there has been less attention on whether or not social media use translates into votes. The Public Policy Research Lab at Louisiana State University conducted a national survey of 1,009 registered voters about their sources of political information, their use of social networks, and their likely support of the candidates. The results of this survey indicate that the digital advantage for Obama may not translate into a vote advantage.

* PARTICIPATORY AND SOCIAL MEDIA TO ENGAGE YOUTH: FROM THE OBAMA CAMPAIGN TO PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Barack Obama’s successful campaign for thepresidency has been widely attributed to the use of social networking sites, mobile devices,and interactive websites to engage previouslyhard-to-reach populations in political activity. Campaign communication strategies may beapplicable for youth health promotion efforts,particularly for the highly stigmatized issue of mental health. In this article, we examineelements of the 2008 Obama presidentialcampaign’s use of social media Technologies and content designed to foster effectivepolitical participation among youth. We outline how the same social media Technologies may be applied to public health efforts focusedon reaching and providing services to the 20% of young people who have a diagnosable mental disorder. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the application of these media to date, and raise questions about the future use of these media for engaging hard-to-reach populations in addressing stigmatized public health issues.

* Obama and the power of social media and technology (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In early 2007, Barack Obama was a little-known senator running for presi­dent against Democratic nominee and household name, Hilary Clinton. But on No­vember 4, 2008, Obama, 47, was the first Afri­can American to win the election against Re­publican candidate, John McCain, becoming the 44th president of the United States. Obama won by nearly 200 electoral and 8.5 million popular votes. A major success factor was how Obama’s campaign used social media and technology as an integral part of its strategy, to raise money, and, more importantly, to develop a groundswell of empowered volunteers who felt they could make a difference. Obama won by “… con­verting everyday people into engaged and empowered volunteers, donors and advo­cates through social networks, e-mail advo­cacy, text messaging and online video. The campaign’s proclivity to online advocacy is a major reason for his victory”. Obama’s campaign garnered 5 million supporters on social networks. By Novem­ber 2008, Obama had approximately 2.5 mil­lion (some sources say 3.2 million2) Facebook supporters, outperforming McCain by nearly four times. Obama had over 115,000 follow­ers on Twitter, more than 23 times those of McCain. Fifty million viewers spent 14 million hours watching campaign-related videos on YouTube, four times McCain’s viewers.3 The campaign sent out 1 billion e-mails, includ­ing 10,000 unique messages targeted at spe­cific segments of their 13-million member list. The campaign had garnered 3 million mobile and SMS subscribers. On Election Day alone, supporters received three texts.

* Crank Dat Barack Obama! Social Media and The 2008 Presidential Election (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The chapter examines the use of social media in the 2008 presidential election. During the election of the first African-American president, YouTube and social media websites were flooded with Obama-inspired dances, video mash-ups, and tribute songs. The author argues that user-generated internet content has become an important aspect of political discourse. He asks whether Obama helped close the “participation gap” that has existed among black and poor youth.

* Master of the Internet: How Barack Obama Harnessed New Tools and Old Lessons to Connect, Communicate and Campaign his Way to the White House (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The Internet has become a mass medium like no other. It combines the audio attributes of radio, the visuals of television and the depth of text with a malleable quality unlike any medium before. It uses enormous computing and transmission powers to send data around the world in an instant with unlimited interactive communication. Barack Obamaís improbable electoral victory in November 2008 was the culmination not only of a successful message, an engaging candidate and historically tumultuous economic times for America; it happened to come along when the Internet environment had reached a benchmark of maturity. The Pew Internet & American Life Project reported in 2008 that 75 percent of all Americans, or more than 147 million people, use the Internet, including and that 91 percent of people between 18 and 29 use the Internet.

* EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON INDIVIDUAL VOTING (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In the 2008 presidential campaign, Barack Obama established social media as an essential part of the campaign toolbox. Twitter, a widely-used social media site, provides a means of creating virtual communities that can instantly send messages and move “followers” to action. This thesis seeks to ascertain if Twitter messages - sent to known supporters by a presidential campaign asking a person to vote - can positively affect that person’s likelihood to cast a ballot and, if so, would that vote be for the candidate whose campaign tweeted the message.

* Social media in politics: the ultimate voter engagement tool or simply an echo chamber? (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Barack Obama’s US presidential campaign created a new political constituency and raised half a billion dollars online – a digital triumph which provided quite a contrast to the ‘hanging chad’ debacle of 8 years earlier. Obama’s success was also the catalyst that propelled social media onto the radar of marketers within commercial organisations keen to inject their own brands with a piece of digital magic. Although the Internet had played a minor role in the 2004 US elections, in 2008 the electorate could see an ‘unedited’ view of the candidate through video clips and interact with the campaign in real time. According to Lutz (2009) the Obama campaign produced 2000 official videos, which were viewed 80 million times on YouTube, and generated 244,000 unofficial video responses.

* Learning from Obama:Lessons for Online Communicators in 2009 and Beyond (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Obama’s online staff and the contractors they employed designed, built, tested and steadily improved a series of systems and procedures that formed the basis of a scalable, distributed organization that by November of 2008 spanned the United States and penetrated areas in which Democrats had not competed in years. The Obama new media team tried many techniques in the process, but motivated by the need to achieve measurable political results, they focused on replicable models, practical tools and incremental improvements. In the end they were richly rewarded: their work midwifed an astounding level of citizen interest and involvement for a modern political campaign.

* U.S. Elections – Social Media (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In the 2008 presidential election campaign, candidate Barack Obama announced his selection of running mate Joe Biden via Twitter. In 2012 use of social media has become central to campaigning for national political office. Social media sprang from Web 2.0 technology that provides hundreds of millions of users two-way communications. Users share information, opinions, images, audio clips, video clips and more.The campaigns of President Obama and his potential Republican challengers are already heavily employing the big three social media platforms: Facebook, a website with 845 million users worldwide who can create personal profiles and exchange messages with friends; Twitter, a service with 300 million users worldwide who can instantly send and re-send among themselves text posts of up to 140 characters; and YouTube, a website from which users can upload, view and share videos.

* Social Media Sites of Politicians Influence Their Perception by Constituents (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This research examined the impact social media outlets—Facebook and Twitter—have over the way constituents view politicians. This research examined how politicians can use their Facebook or Twitter pages in the most effective fashion and incorporate these new media outlets as essential campaign tools and tactics. A mixed-method approach using content analysis and a survey revealed that voters value personable content over trustworthiness and general electability. Voters received more positively politicians with person­able content than those who relied on professional content when considering content provided on Twitter. Ultimately, a politician’s social media use significantly influenced and enriched the experience an individual has with the public figure.

* The Obama Campaign (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: • On the campaign trail: Building engagement and moving message through relationship marketing and social media; creating participation and delivering the direct message • Social media: Platforms at the heart of the campaign; building discussion, activism and engagement • After election: How the campaign continued when the Obama administration took Office

* Brand Obama The Implications of a Branded (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Reinhard’s original quotation is traced to “The Brand Called Obama,” which looks at how the now president, then-candidate Obama was skyrocketing through the U.S. and global consciousness (McGirt, 2008). Using a grassroots effort grounded in social media, Obama became the candidate of the people. Obama’s expert use of social media tools—Facebook, Twitter, MyBarackObama.com, YouTube, and more—“reinforces the notion that everyone is included and that this movement is actually a conversation to which everyone is invited” (McGirt, 2008, p. 89). Rawthorn (2008) says this embrace of social media is exactly what a Web 2.0 generation wanted and needed; Obama came to personify that connected voter.

* OBAMA’S ELECTION CAMPAIGN AND THE INTEGRATED USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: When Barack Obama won the 2008 US Presidential election he did so partly as a result of harnessing the power of social media to communicate with, and enlist the support of, millions of Americans who had never previously been active in the processes of an election campaign. As a result of Obama‘s invitation and his use of new media, some of the poorest members of the world‘s wealthiest nation found themselves able to make a critical contribution through a myriad of small activities starting from seemingly inconsequential choices such as the selection of a mobile phone ring tone. Although people power‘ is not a new force in politics, the Obama campaign set a fresh benchmark for inclusive ways in which to communicate to and with a holistic cross section of the American people, including many who would not have been previously seen as a critical target market‘. This paper examines Obama‘s use of integrated communications and considers the potential implications for other campaigns which may have an inclusion agenda.

* Consumer Branding in Politics: A Comparison of Presidents Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The case studies included in this capstone are designed to compare and contrast two succinct brands of politicians. This paper analyzes each candidate’s brand and sets out to indentify validity in media comparisons of Reagan and Obama by conducting a case study of their brands during the time of their election. To properly analyze Reagan and Obama’s brands, political branding is defined based on the literature on political branding. This paper uses qualitative research methods to identify, compare and contrast key elements of political branding different elections. The case studies in this paper identify the voter demographics to whom each candidate’s brand appealed and then analyzes the similarities and differences the role of media and celebrity each candidate used in their political branding process to appeal to the public. In the examination of the use of media in each brand, it is argued that the use of social media has changed the political branding process by giving the candidate less control over the message.

* The Collision of Social Media and Social Unrest: Why Shutting Down Social Media is the Wrong Response (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: With the growing availability of Internet access across the globe, social media has transformed the traditional relationship between government authority and its citizens by providing the people with an innovative and powerful means to harmonize their efforts in expressing their political and social concerns. The importance of safeguarding Internet availability is more critical than ever before as access to the Internet is now the means by which the world communicates, stays informed, and engages in daily tasks. In the face of potential social unrest fueled by social media, the United States must take a preventative approach, one that matches our policy of Internet freedom with technology. It is paramount that the United States refrains from adopting the oppressive policies of other governments by shutting down the Internet or restricting access to social media. This Comment examines the United States’ ability to shut down social media in response to potential violent social unrest and the effect of such a shutdown. Part II describes the recent history of social media's effect on social unrest across the globe. Part III explains social media’s role as a powerful communication tool, capable of fueling social and political change all over the world. Part IV considers whether the United States federal government has the legal authority to shut down social media if faced with a situation similar to the London riots. Part V then analyzes the dangerous impacts of such government action, while Part VI proposes a preventative approach to address future attempts in the United States to stop social unrest.

* Knowledge Mining from the Twitter Social Network. The case of Barack Obama (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social Networks build up a representation of the social structure on the Internet by enabling new ways of communication and understanding of human relations. These networks generate big amounts of information on which we can apply mining techniques in order to extract knowledge. Different works have studied many aspects of social networks, but just a few of them focused on text mining in social networks. In this work, we focus on the Twitter social network features and specifically on the use of this network by a representative, and well known, user’s behaviour. We extracted all the contents that previously Senator and then President Barack Obama has shared in this service in the course of last three years, and applied a text-analysis knowledge discovery methodology to it. This methodology allowed us to build a meaning-making process on our dataset. In this process, we successfully conducted a cluster analysis that helped collecting Barack Obama’s Twitter contents in groups. Studying the results, we perceived that these clusters could be interpreted as a mirror of his political strategy. Finally, we discuss the application of this method for other social networks.

* Evaluating Online Public Diplomacy using Digital Media Research Methods: A Case Study of (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social media is rapidly becoming an important means of gathering news and information around the world. Traditional foreign policy tools are increasingly complimented by newly innovated and adapted technologies that empower groups of individuals to achieve their own aims. Public diplomacy has the opportunity to engage in these new and innovative forms of communication. In doing so there is the opportunity to leverage networks and technologies that connect individuals around the world – but to be effective public diplomats must adopt new research techniques in order to develop, implement and evaluate digital media campaigns. In this study, we use the opportunity of President Obama’s March 2011 trip to Brazil to evaluate the US State Department digital engagement campaign.

* The internet and the 2008 election (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The 2008 presidential election race has produced its share of internet firsts. Three of the Democratic candidates—John Edwards, Hillary Clinton, and Barack Obama—essentially declared their candidacies online. Obama has broken fundraising records, mostly through online contributions. Citizen questions for key party debates were solicited and delivered via videos posted on YouTube—including one from a snowman. Politics has its own channel on YouTube, and individual candidates also have their own channels. Libertarian Republican Ron Paul established a special presence online that sustained him through the early caucus and primary season.

* GOVERNMENT WEB USE AFTER OBAMA AND SOCIAL MEDIA (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: As the largest producer of information in the world, the U.S. Federal Government produces, collects, and distributes a tremendous amount of information through its many agencies and offices (Truesdell, 2002). The task of managing all of this information has been made especially complicated by the tremendous shifts in technology and web-based communication occurring over the last two decades. Today, online information moves quickly through social networks. Communication is both highly participatory and highly social. With many people accessing the web constantly from home, work, and everywhere in between, the social web is having a tremendous cultural impact on the broader society. While early efforts to provide U.S. government information to the public were paper-based and coordinated through a network of university libraries (Kessler, 1996), over the last 20 years government websites have become central to the way the government provides information to the public. As the web has evolved from a static information publication environment to a more mobile and social form, government web management has changed too. No longer limiting web use to only agency websites, agencies have expanded web management to include participation in third-party social media sites like Facebook and Twitter.

* 8 Campaigning in the Internet Age (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama set a new high-water mark for use of the Internet in election campaigns. Obama astonished most observers by raising approximately half a billion dollars online, much of it through small donations (Balz and Johnson 2009, 366). This achievement enabled Obama to forgo public financing for the campaign and the spending limits that would have come with it (Luo 2009). Obama’s Facebook page regis­tered more than any other candidate—approximately 3.2 million supporters by November 2008—thereby giving the campaign access to an expansive online social network (Vargas 2008). Viral videos2 championing Obama’s candidacy, such as the “Yes We Can” collage organized by performing artist will.i.am, were downloaded millions of times, providing the campaign with valuable, free advertising (Wallsten 2009). These and other factors led some observers to agree with the journalist Arianna Huffington (2008), who proclaimed that, “were it not for the Internet, Barack Obama would not be president.” Indeed, the 2008 election helped to do for the Internet what the 1960 election did for television: legitimize its role and demonstrate its potential.

* ALL POLITICS IS SOCIAL:Social Media Engagement Will Decide Election 2012 (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: As the 2012 elections approach, social media engagement has become a key tenet that must be built directly into every campaign strategy. Campaigns hoping to lead in 2012 need to look to proven social methods to reach, engage, and motivate supporters with messaging that is true to their brand and ignites conversation within key influencers’ social graphs.Commercial and political advertisers are shifting more of their advertising budgets to digital media, including both online and mobile advertising. The most significant challenge in this arena is presenting information to political supporters in a manner that motivates them to share campaign information. Voters of all stripes are now actively engaged in social networking.

* Reelecting President Obama: Media Lessons for 2016 and Beyond (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Since 2000, legacy media used in the electoral process have been joined, not replaced, by social media (i.e., Twitter, FaceBook, YouTube, etc.), which rest on digital platforms that offer citizens two-way, audio-visual, wireless access to both campaign content and to other citizens who can, in real time, originate and share political messages designed to engage one another in the political process.

* Using social network systems as a tool for political change (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social network sites like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube play a significant role in the political arena nowadays. They are growing engagement tools that assist in improving the political process by helping electoral candidates in communicating their political programs and thoughts to the community, as well as in rallying their campaign supporters. On the other hand, voters can also use social media sites to unconditionally communicate with the candidates. This paper shows the importance of online social networking in modern society by reviewing the literature on social networks usage in politics, and showing how this usage has grown dramatically in different aspects of political life during the past few years. The growth in the use of social network sites was clearly seen after Obama’s 2008 US presidential election win, which uncovered the significance of social media in political campaigns and presented new ideas about the utilization of different web 2.0 technologies in politics. Clarifying the relationship between social networking and political life will also assist researchers to study the political behaviors of society and the motivations behind political participation.

* The Effect of Social Media and the Internet on Race, Age and Voter Turnout (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The 2008 presidential election marked the beginning of social media being at the forefront of American politics. President Barack Obama forged a strong social media campaign to engage voters, get their support and get them out to the polls to vote. Since 2008, political science research on social media’s effects on elections has grown; however, social media is still shrouded in mystery, and much research still needs to be done to gain a full understanding of social media as a sociopolitical force.

* Social media and political communication: a social media analytics framework (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In recent years, social media are said to have an impact on the public discourse and communication in the society. In particular, social media are increasingly used in political context. More recently, microblogging services (e.g., Twitter) and social network sites (e.g., Facebook) are believed to have the potential for increasing political participation. While Twitter is an ideal platform for users to spread not only information in general but also political opinions publicly through their networks, political institutions (e.g., politicians, political parties, political foundations, etc.) have also begun to use Facebook pages or groups for the purpose of entering into direct dialogs with citizens and encouraging more political discussions. Previous studies have shown that from the perspective of political institutions, there is an emerging need to continuously collect, monitor, analyze, summarize, and visualize politically relevant information from social media. These activities, which are subsumed under ‘‘social media analytics’’ are considered difficult tasks due to a large numbers of different social media platforms as well as the large amount and complexity of information and data. Systematictracking and analysis approaches along with appropriate scientific methods and techniques in political domain are still lacking. In this paper, we propose a methodological framework for social media analytics in political context. More specifically, our framework summarizes most important politically relevant issues from the perspective of political institutions and corresponding methodologies from different scientific disciplines.

* Presidential Campaign Politics, Public Opinion and Twitter: How Tweet It Is (Giren Tuğba)
http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/123474/1/Berry_Presidential%20Campaign%20Politics,%20Public%20Opinion%20and%20Twitter%20How%20Tweet%20It%20Is.pdf Abstract: The usage of social media by politicians and political parties has shaped and been shaped by public opinion in recent years (University of Wisconsin School of Business, 2011). This partly explains why in recent years political campaigns have hired both social media strategists and quantitative analysts familiar with how public opinion is measured and shared on social media sites as an important part of campaign staff (University of Wisconsin School of Business, 2011). Recent events combining social media and presidential campaigns such as the ground breaking 2011 Presidential Twitter and Facebook town halls and the 2007 Democratic presidential primary CNN/YouTube debate have shown the growth of social media as a strategic communication tool for politicians (LaMarre & Housholder, 2011). YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and other social media websites have provided political elites with a new way to disseminate information, mobilize engaged citizens, and increase political participation (LaMarre & Housholder, 2011). It is important to note however that research indicates that citizens who use social media to engage in politics, are using it in addition to more traditional, established news sources as opposed to using as a replacement (Pew, 2010). Citizens are using social media to affect politicians by communicating their personal opinions on issues as well as posting and signing petitions which reach politicians.

* Detecting and Tracking Political Abuse in Social Media (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: We study astroturf political campaigns on microblogging platforms: politically-motivated individuals and organizations that use multiple centrally-controlled accounts to create the appearance of widespread support for a candidate or opinion. We describe a machine learning framework that combines topological, content-based and crowdsourced features of information diffusion networks on Twitter to detect the early stages of viral spreading of political misinformation.We present promising preliminary results with better than 96% accuracy in the detection of astroturf content in the run-up to the 2010 U.S. midterm elections.

* Political Blogging and Social Media (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The purpose of this study is to provide longitudinal primary research regarding how the most popular political blogs utilize social media and how revenue is generated by the blog. This study begins with a literature review and then is followed by discussion the research method of content analysis which was employed to examine the top political blogs as defined by content and by the number of readers each blog possesses. This research is the first major study in the marketing discipline to analyze the actual contents of the most popular political blogs, thus providing results that would be of interest to the academic, business, and political communities.

* USA ELECTIONS in Brief (52-54 sayfaları arasında Amerika başkanlık seçimlerinde sosyal medya kullanımına değiniliyor.) (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Candidates and their supporters have been quick to adopt the Internet as a campaign tool. It has proved to be an effective and efficient way to solicit funds from potential supporters and to promote one’s policies and experience.Email and blogs were prominent in the 2008 presidential election. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter are playing a larger role in the 2012 election. Campaign organizations work to harness the rising power of social networks and mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.Video sharing on sites such as YouTube has provided opportunities and pitfalls for political campaigning. Candidates have taken advantage of the technology to produce videos about themselves, occasionally humorous. At other times, candidates have been recorded in an unguarded moment saying or doing something that they would not say or do before a general audience—and having their faux pas shown countless times on the Internet and on television.

* Obama and the power of social media and Technology (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In early 2007, Barack Obama was a little-known senator running for presi­dent against Democratic nominee and household name, Hilary Clinton. But on No­vember 4, 2008, Obama, 47, was the first Afri­can American to win the election against Re­publican candidate, John McCain, becoming the 44th president of the United States. Obama won by nearly 200 electoral and 8.5 million popular votes. A major success factor was how Obama’s campaign used social media and technology as an integral part of its strategy, to raise money, and, more importantly, to develop a groundswell of empowered volunteers who felt they could make a difference. Obama won by “… con­verting everyday people into engaged and empowered volunteers, donors and advo­cates through social networks, e-mail advo­cacy, text messaging and online video. The campaign’s proclivity to online advocacy is a major reason for his victory.”

* Social media in politics: the ultimate voter engagement tool or simply an echo chamber? (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Barack Obama’s US presidential campaign created a new political constituency and raised half a billion dollars online – a digital triumph which provided quite a contrast to the ‘hanging chad’ debacle of 8 years earlier. Obama’s success was also the catalyst that propelled social media onto the radar of marketers within commercial organisations keen to inject their own brands with a piece of digital magic. Although the Internet had played a minor role in the 2004 US elections, in 2008 the electorate could see an ‘unedited’ view of the candidate through video clips and interact with the campaign in real time. According to Lutz (2009) the Obama campaign produced 2000 official videos, which were viewed 80 million times on YouTube, and generated 244,000 unofficial video responses.

* Tweet for Democracy: Examining the Monitorial Citizen (Giren: Tuğba)
[]

Abstract: In the 2012 US presidential election, there was concern about voter turnout. Since Obama for America’s use of social media during 2008 Presidential elections, there has been growing speculation of social media becoming a medium for re-engaging citizens in politics. Hence, social media’s role in political engagement and the nature of political engagement were examined via three analyses of Twitter data (i.e. network posting frequency, sentiment analysis, and social network analysis) and one survey study. The results showed that Twitter’s impact on political engagement is simply about spreading awareness — it still depends on whether open-minded, and politically and civically interested users see the politically relevant tweets.

* “When Web 2.0 Meets Politics: The Influence of Social Media in Campaigning” (Giren: Tuğba)
[]

Abstract: Due to the aggressive use of social media during the 2008 U.S. presidential elections, Barack Obama’s campaign is considered one of the most successful in history. Social media tools, such as YouTube, Facebook, and MySpace, were employed extensively by the Obama campaign to raise funds as well as to target, organize, and mobilize voters. As a testament to the campaign’s success, social media use spread down the ticket, from governor, to mayor, to assembly member as candidates, in the 2010 midterm elections. Not surprisingly, as the 2012 general election comes into view, social media and other online tools remain a key tenet in campaign strategy. For example, President Obama announced his re-election bid via an online video and Mitt Romney tweeted his intention to seek the presidency. Thus, it is likely that social media will continue to play a formidable role in the 2012 presidential race. Despite the pervasive use of social media in campaigning, scholars know little about how online tools influence political attitudes and behaviors, particularly vote choice and electoral participation. To address this, I propose the addition of five questions regarding respondents’ usage of social media and other online sources for campaign information.

* #140ToWinIt (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The Internet has transformed from being almost insubstantial in political campaigns to being essential in only ten years. The elections of 2008 and 2010 have revolutionized the way that campaigns reach out to voters, with a new benchmark set by President Barack Obama and his campaign team in 2008. In the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans in Congress were able to match Obama’s social media success, and voters turned out in their favor. By delving into the uses of social media in those campaigns, we can evaluate how Republicans in the upcoming 2012 campaign are sharing the same success.

* Election 2012 and beyond: Mixing politics and digital media (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: From local initiatives and statewide contests to the battle for the White House, campaign spending in the 2012 U.S. election cycle set a new record—some $6 billion, according to the Center for Responsive Politics,1 making it the most expensive election in history. Not only did the cost of elections mark a new high, but also 2012 saw significant developments in the way that those dollars were allocated. One sector that experienced a huge surge was that of online and digital advertising, which Advertising Age estimated at nearly $160 million.2 Though that’s just a small percentage of overall spending, it represents a tripling since 2010 and a six-fold increase over 20083—suggesting a trend with significantmomentum. “2012 was a watershed year,” agrees Dave Resnick, who manages Microsoft’s Display Advertising team, where annual political ad revenue nearly tripled compared with the previous presidential election. “You’re seeing more political advertising going online,” he notes, “and that mirrors what’s happening in general advertising.” That kind of growth was also reflected in search engine marketing and sponsored links, with similar upturns experienced at Yahoo! and at Microsoft Bing, reports Scott Martin, sales manager for Bing Direct Sales. “Search is always a core baseline of advertising for any organization,” he says, “and you’re going to continue to see it grow.”

* iPolitics: Citizens, Elections, and Governing in the New Media Era (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In the ever-changing news and information environment of the early 21st century, citizens and politicians are eagerly adapting new Technologies to exercise political power. In the United States, some analysts attribute Barack Obama’s success in the 2008 presidential election to the rise of social networking media.Politicians abroad such as Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu adopted Obama’s social networking media strategies to promote his own accomplishments and garner citizen support after seeing its success in the United States. In 2010, Gavin Newsom, the mayor of San Francisco, became the first politician to announce his candidacy (for governor) on Twitter.3 Netroots activists and bloggers, such as those affiliated with Daily Kos, promote progressive candidates across the United States, solicit and coordinate financial contributions, and provide opportunities for volunteers. On the other side of the political spectrum, conservative “Tea Party” activists capitalize on these strategies as well.4 In addition, most members of the U.S. Congress, as well as almost all U.S. candidates for any major political office, promote themselves and their accomplishments on Facebook or Twitter.

===* Connected councillors a guide to using social media to support local leadership (28. Sayfada Obama’nın sosyal medyayı seçimlerde nasıl kullandığına değinilmiş. Genel olarak sosyal medyada nasıl öne çıkabiliriz, kampanyaları nasıl yönetmeliyiz üzerine bir makale.) (Giren: Tuğba)=== [] Abstract: As an election candidate, Barack Obama broke new ground in using social media to work with his supporters. His team understood how people use social media and were able to provide support through social networking (myBarackObama.com) which helped citizens discuss issues and organise themselves for local action. Most importantly perhaps, they used their site to collect mobile phone numbers and email addresses which helped them mobilise workers and deliver votes.

* Social media in branding: Fulfilling a need (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: WEB 2.0 AND SOCIAL NETWORKS have been hailed as the next media for marketing, its proponents pointing to the presence of politicians and actors on Twitter and Facebook. As mainstream media pointed out that actor – writer Stephen Fry was on Twitter, there was a sudden growth in subscribers in the United Kingdom. A further mention on The Oprah Winfrey Show saw some talk about an ‘ Oprah effect ’ on Twitter, spurring growth Stateside. The most complimentary publicity for Twitter, however, was for then Senator Barack Obama ’ s presidential campaign, with some crediting the service for his success.

* Members of the European Parliament Online: The Use of Social Media in Political Marketing (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The appearance of political marketing and campaigning on social media is a relatively new phenomenon, which was first introduced in the US before spreading to Europe. The importance of online political marketing can be seen in, among other factors, the major advantages offered by the Internet—namely the rapid transmission of information and the possibilities for large numbers of people to connect. This is especially significant for politics on the EU level, which embraces a body of 375 million voters. Despite the fact that not everyone uses the Internet in Europe, the percentage of those who do is considered to be high enough for its application in politics. The goal of this paper is to examine the connection between European politics, Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and the use of social media, and to give suggestions on how the use of social media in political marketing could be further advanced. This paper starts with an explanation of what political marketing is and how it is used in politics. It explains the relevance of the theme of this paper, in the context of the lack of political legitimacy in the European Union and the low turnout in the European Parliament (EP) elections, and discusses the possible reasons for these. The paper then describes the growth of the use of the Internet, its influence on everyday life and its connection to politics.

* Connections Between Internet Use and Political Efficacy, Knowledge, and Participation (Giren: Tuğba)
[]

Abstract: Using data from the2000National Annenberg Election Survey, this studylooks at the relationships between Internet access and online exposure toinformation about the presidential campaign and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Results show that Internet access and online exposure to information about the presidential campaign are significantly associated with these important political variables. Several of the associations between Internet access and exposure with political efficacy, knowledge, and participation are detectable even when taking sociodemographic variables, party identification, partisan strength, political interest, and other media exposures variables into account. Although statistically significant, these associations are quite small.

* A Campaign Perspective on the Motivation for Adopting Social Media in US Congressional Campaigns (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This study investigates the reasons why candidates adopted Facebook and Twitter in the 2010 elections to the U.S. Congress. The study is one of the first to analyze over 60 interviews with candidates and campaign staff members to provide a richer explanation for the motivating factors in campaign adoption decisions. This relatively large sample of House races affords the opportunity to investigate differences between Democratic and Republican candidates as well as between incumbents and those who are challengers or contesting open seats. In addition, the sample of interviewees is sufficiently representative that we have confidence our findings generalize to the larger population. Our analysis shows that campaigns are motivated somewhat more by a desire to communicate than to mobilize through social media. Many campaigns are not targeting particular groups in adopting social media, but when they do, their focus is on young voters. Finally, campaigns generally espouse a cautious if not negative view of the importance of social media use in campaigns.

* Making an Impression in the 21st Century: An Examination of Campaign Use of New Media in the 2008 Presidential Nomination Campaign (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: This paper examines and evaluates the use of new media tools by the presidential nomination candidates and their campaigns in 2008, particularly their eCampaign staffing, official websites, blogosphere buzz, social networking efforts, and YouTube activity. After a discussion of the new media in general and its use in the lead up to the 2008 primaries and caucuses, I evaluate the candidates’ efforts at utilizing new media, put forth a number of lessons that might be learned from this campaign cycle and a number of avenues that political science research should explore.

* THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN MODERN-DAY POLITICS (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The social media must be used by Parliaments, Parliamentarians, governments and politicalparties as they are highly effective tools to involve and inform citizens in public policymakingand in the formation of governments. But all these groups must develop strategies todeal with a wide array of both positive and negative effects of these rapidly growing media,argued participants in the final plenary session.

* Crossing the Campaign Divide: Dean Changes the Election Game David Iozzi and Lance Bennett (Giren: Tuğba)
[]

Abstract: Over the past year, news of the internet’s role in the race for the democratic presidential nomination made headlines in the mainstream media. Some news stories credited the very existence of Howard Dean’s campaign to online organizing and fundraising. Others detailed the frustrations felt by other candidates as their attempts at creating vibrant online networks floundered. Still more went on to make predictions about the future role of the internet in American politics. Behind these articles lies a story of the tension between traditional and emerging campaign techniques—a story about by the coming of age of the interactive social networking technologies used so effectively by the Dean campaign.

* THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY TURKISH POLITICAL PARTIES AS A TOOL FOR POLITICAL COMMUNICATION (Giren: Tuğba)
[] ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine the use of social media by Turkish Political Parties as a tool for political communication. Since the development of online technologies that began in the early 2000’s, the use of online communication has increased dramatically. Social media tools like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have become crucial tools of communication for political parties. As the concept of political communication has the ultimate goal of interacting with people in order obtain electoral support, this thesis will mainly focus on the subject and collocutor contents and the specific language characteristics that Turkish political parties and leaders possess and use in their social media accounts in order to obtain online participation and support. As well as the content usage of the sources, the feedback proportions of the followers and subscribers, which give social media its unique position, will also be analyzed in order to apprehend the characteristics, norms and values to which Turkish social media users give importance. Two main methods of data collection and analysis are employed in this thesis: (1) the quantitative analysis of social media in order to define the contents and feedback used in the accounts of Turkish political leaders, and (2) secondary analysis of the existing statistics and documents. Analysis shows that social media participants positively evaluate online messages based on their content, not their means of transmission or the use of specific set of language skills.

* BARACK OBAMA’NIN 2008 BASKANLIK SEÇİM SÜRECİNİ KAZANMASINDA YENİ İLETİSİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ VE SOSYAL MEDYANIN KULLANIMI (Giren: Tuğba)
[] ÖZET: Teknolojinin hızla gelismekte oldugu, bilgi çagı olarak da adlandırılan yirmi birinci yüzyıla girdigimiz bu yıllarda, politikacılar siyasi rakiplerine karsı ütsün gelmek, seçmen kitlelerinin destegini almak amacıyla kullandıkları yöntem ve tekniklerde de degisikliklere giderek yeni iletisim teknolojilerinden ve dolayısıyla sosyal medyadan yararlanmaya baslamıslardır. Amerika Birlesik Devletlerinin tarihinde ilk defa siyah bir aday, Barack Obama, baskanlık yarısında yer almıs ve 4 Kasım 2008 tarihinde yapılan baskanlık seçiminde etkin ve basarılı bir sekilde kullandıgı web-tabanlı yeni iletisim teknolojileri sayesinde sıra dısı bir seçim kampanyası yürüterek rakip partiye karsı bir üstünlük kazanmıs ve Amerika Birlesik Devletlerinin 44ncü Devlet Baskanı seçilmistir. Bu tez çalısmasının amacı, Barack Obama ve Demokrat Partinin kendilerini zafere götüren seçim kampanyaları ve çalısmaları sürecinde web-tabanlı yeni iletisim teknolojileri ve sosyal medyanın kullanımını ve bunların kampanya sürecindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla hazırlanan dört bölüme ayrılan çalısmanın ilk bölümünde, siyasal iletisim kavramı, süreci ve siyasal iletisim kapsamında siyasal pazarlama, reklamcılık ve halkla iliskiler olguları incelenmistir. ikinci bölümde, Amerikan Siyasal Sistemi, ABD Baskanlık Seçimi süreci ve televizyon ve radyonun kitle iletisiminde kullanılmaya baslamasında bu yana ABD seçim kampanyalarında kullanılan iletisim teknolojileri irdelenmistir. Üçüncü bölümde, Web 2.0 tabanlı iletisim teknolojileri ve sosyal medya kavramı üzerinde durulmakta ve son bölümde ise 2008 yılı ABD Baskanlık seçim sürecinde Barack Obama ve partisinin web-tabanlı yeni iletisim teknolojileri ve sosyal medyayı kullanım biçimleri incelenmistir.

* AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ 2012 BAŞKANLIK SEÇİMLERİNDE BARACK H. OBAMA’NIN KAMPANYASINDA SOSYAL MEDYA KULLANIMI (Giren: Tuğba)
[] Bu tezle, ABD’nin 2012 devlet başkanlığı seçimlerinde Barack H. Obama’nın yürüttüğü seçim kampanyasında sosyal medyanın kullanımı araştırılmış ve ne denli aktif kullanıma sahip olduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. İnternetin ABD’de yaygın bir kitle iletişim aracı olarak kullanılmaya başlanması siyasi aktörlerin dikkatinden kaçmamıştır. Bu, onların interneti ve son dönemde özellikle sosyal medyayı bir siyasi propaganda platformu olarak kullanmalarına yol açmıştır. ABD Başkanı Barack H. Obama’nın başkanlık seçimlerinde sosyal medyayı kullanımı, sosyal medyanın siyasi hareketlere sunduğu olanaklar açısından kayda değerdir. Bu çalışmada, internetin ABD’de bir kitle iletişim aracı haline gelişinden sosyal medyanın yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir parçası halini alışına kadar geçen tarihe yer verilmiştir. Eskiden var olan propaganda biçimlerinin sosyal medyanın doğuşu ve gelişimi ardından geçirdiği değişimlere değinilmiş ve örnek vaka olarak da Barack H. Obama’nın 2008 yılı seçim kampanyası ile başlattığı ve 2012 yılı kampanyasında da geliştirerek sürdürdüğü sosyal medya kullanımı incelenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, tüm bu gelişmelerin geleneksel medya ve gazeteciliğe etkileri sorgulanmış ve gelecekteki olası değişimlere yönelik sorular ortaya konmuştur.

* Media and Social Media in Public Health Messages: A Systematic Review (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstact: While efficacy and efficiency of traditional media campaigns are well documented in the literature, social media use such as Twitter or Facebook use in health messaging remains an enigmatic topic with a small evidence base. Traditional media campaigns are used widely in public health for a wide variety of objectives and have shown positive outcomes in terms of reach, public awareness, and to a certain extent, behaviour change. Online campaigns utilizing websites or “Web 1.0” applications are also effective, but have not been adequately compared to traditional media in the literature. As more consumers turn to the internet for health related information, health organizations have begun to turn to social media as a tool for connecting with the public. An emerging topic, very few studies have analyzed the efficacy of social media in this context. Preliminary reports have demonstrated considerable reach associated with social media applications and have potential for engaging specific target audiences, however controlled studies are needed before social media’s role in public health can be adequately defined. Difficulties in evaluating social media applications, as well as a lag in publishing such reports remain major barriers for gathering evidence of its utility. Despite this lack of evidence base, larger public health organizations are already using social media applications, and smaller units are beginning to launch them. Published evaluations of these initiatives are crude, but very positive. Reports suggest that social media is a very feasible option that is relatively easy to adopt, but requires adequate and appropriate human resources to maintain. Success of social media applications may also be related to the development of a strategic business plan for its use in a particular public health context. Given the rapid and exponential growth of social media use, development of best practices guidelines for public health organizations based on current research are crucial for adapting social media to every day public health practice.

* The 2008 Presidential Campaign: Political Cynicism in the Age of Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The 2008 presidential campaign was the first to play out in the world of YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, and political blogging—the major Internet-based social media. These social media provide a new form of mediated communication that gives the audience access to on-demand content and the ability to share and discuss it with other. The most popular social networking sites (SNS) are relative newcomers: MySpace went online in 2003, Facebook in 2004, and YouTube in 2005. In the 2008 presidential campaign, social Networks provided a new form of political communication for citizens to use to learn about candidates and issues.

* The Growing Use of Social Media in Political Campaigns: How to use Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to Create an Effective Social Media Campaign (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Each social media networking site targets a different audience and uses different tools to allow people to share ideas, videos, photos and links to form a network of people connected by common interests. The increasingly large number of users on these sites has attracted companies to include internet advertising in their marketing plans, due to social media’s targeting capabilities and that it is often less expensive than TV or print advertising. Companies are not the only ones who realized the advertising and networking advantages of these sites. During the 2004 election cycle, political campaigns began to explore the benefits of these sites, and in 2008 the U.S. Presidential political campaigns began to fully understand the use of these sites.

* The Use of Social Media in the 2008 Canadian and American National Election Campaigns (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Political election campaigns have been significantly transformed by the rising use of online social networking tools and new information and communication technologies. Dr. Andrea Römmeleargues that this new interactive relationship has empowered citizens across the world, and led to a shift in campaign power from party-driven to citizen-driven campaign techniques. This paper builds on the work of Dr. Rommele to get a better understanding of the role of citizen-driven campaigning during both the 2008 Federal election in Canada and the 2008 Presidential Election in the United States. Using original statistical analyses, this paper answers two questions: 1. How many citizens receive campaign material through these new ICT’s? And what social-determinants predict which type of campaign activity?

* Social Networking Sites as a New Public Sphere: Facebook and its Potential to Facilitate Public Opinion as the Function of Public Discourse – A Case Study of the 2008 Obama Campaign (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: In the 20th and 21st centuries, new media, especially the internet, have been hailed as a potential way to break away from the vertical information flow and to create new arenas for public discourse. One emerging contending form of new media is social networking sites (SNSs). Even though SNSs were not initially developed for political reasons, they have been utilised by political figures in an attempt to broaden voter reach and to enhance their campaigns. Amongst the SNSs available on the internet, Facebook has emerged as the largest, fastest growing and most popular SNS amongst internet users between the ages of 18 and 24 in the world. In the past, this age demographic has shown a disinterest in politics and has thus been recognised as the previously politically disengaged age demographic. American president Barack Obama realised the potential of Facebook and incorporated it in his new media campaign during the presidential election of 2008. Facebook enabled Obama to expand his voter reach and communicate with the previously politically unengaged age demographic. It also enabled him to create an arena where political information regarding the candidate, campaign and relevant political issues can be provided. This opened a communication flow between Facebook members and the president. Arenas for public discourse were also established and the potential of Facebook to facilitate public opinion was realised.

* LESSONS FROM THE OBAMA CAMPAIGN (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: During the 2008 Presidential campaign, Barack Obama built a brand out of two simple words:hope and change. No matter what one’s political inclination, the campaign has been widely praised as an extremely forward looking campaign. It changed both politics - and marketing. As BusinessWeek stated, “When the book is written on this election, it should not be titled ‘The Making of a President,’ but ‘The Marketing of a President.’ Barack Obama's campaign is a case study in marketing excellence.” The campaign did what many brand marketers aspire to accomplish: a consistent, recognizable brand identity with strong recall and positive association. While they used a number of channels to advertise, the Obama campaign relied heavily on online advertising to connect with the American public.

* The Role of Authenticity in Electoral Social Media Campaigns (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Authenticity is a popular buzz word in electoral politics, as electoral candidates and politicians are expected to be authentic in their public interactions. Since 2008, social media has become an integral part of elections in the US, and continues to gain importance in electoral campaigns around the world as social media offers electoral candidates a new medium for communicating with their constituents. Given the attention authenticity has received in relation to electoral campaigns, and the role of social media in campaigns, this research studies the role of authenticity in electoral campaigns by using Gilpin, Palazzolo and Brody’s (2010) definition of online authenticity as the theoretical basis and as the basis of the semi-structured interview guide. Ten interviews are conducted with US Democrats in which participants are shown and asked about screenshots from four American electoral candidates’ Facebook pages. Using grounded theory to analyze the interview transcripts, this study refines existing definitions of online authenticity and offers insights into how electoral candidates can demonstrate their authenticity in electoral social media campaigns.

*Then and Now: A Content Analysis of Media Used in the Presidential Election Campaigns of Kennedy and Obama (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract:American campaigning has become increasingly complex as it adjusts to our ever‐changing cultural landscape. The use of electronic media in the presidential campaigns of 1960 and 2008 is illustrative of this shift. A content analysis of these two campaigns demonstrates how each applied the newest technologies available at the time to define the candidate's image and export the messages to the electorate. Whether it be Kennedy’s use of television or Obama’s usage of social media, the role that new media of the day played in both campaigns clearly set the tone for future political campaigns. This examination of the role of media in both elections serves to form a primer for how the successful applications of new media lead to campaign victory. Then and now, the growing influence of new technolgies on campaigning makes it necessary to compare and contrast the successful usages and strategies employed. The need for continuing analysis will grow in the coming years.

* Social Media on e Government (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Social media has grown exponentially in the last years. The use of social media enables the users to be part of a real time information exchange. An enormous amount of data is transferred between servers, which are the result of people sharing information. There are different platforms to choose from, such as Twitter, Facebook and Xing. Even though they all follow the same basic principle, the exchange of information, they all fulfill a different role in the industry. The aim of this thesis is to show how the U.S. governments and political parties can use social media, such as Facebook or Twitter, as a means to transfer information between the civilian and administrative population.

* E-election campaigns: closed, open or foot in the door? (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The Barack Obama Presidential campaign in 2008 was considered by some commentators to be the first Internet election, and it has even been suggested that his use of the Internet was the reason why Obama won (Greengard 2009, Stirland 2008). Whether this was true or not, interest in how they might use the Internet grew amongst political campaigners worldwide. The growing and evolving use of the Internet during election campaigns by candidates and political parties raises key issues about how the technology is being used. In a naturally competitive situation those standing for electoral office are likely to borrow ideas from each other in order to gain competitive advantage (Lilleker et al., 2006). Candidates and political parties are likely to focus primarily on the benefit to themselves that the Internet might offer within the context of an election campaign. However, at the same time they may be inherent characteristics and qualities of the Internet channels used which challenges only a party or candidate-centric view. The very existence of these technologies, may inherently open up developments in the interaction between voters and those seeking their votes. In short the genie may well be out of the bottle, and whilst the parties and candidates may only wish to use the Internet in one way, they may face counter-pressure that widens the use of the Internet beyond such a narrow one-way focus. This paper will assess the use of the Internet by candidates and parties in four elections: the French 2007 Presidential election; the US 2008 Presidential election; the German 2009 national election; the UK 2010 General Election. This paper will start by introducing a conceptual framework that assesses the importance 2 of the control of online space to e-election campaigning. Then the methodology for identifying this is outline, followed by an assessment of how the Internet was used in our four elections. Finally, we conclude what the impact of the Internet in these election campaigns has been.

* Election 2008 — It’s a Wrap (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Along the way, we witnessed the largest fundraising numbers ever seen in any presidential campaign — some $600 million in campaign donations. Barack Obama’s success depended in great part on the creative and innovative use of the internet and Web 2.0 technologies. He used digital tools to tap into the untapped pool of small donors who participated in the election and contributed amounts less than $100. Chris Anderson’s long tail theory seems to apply to politics as well as economics. There are many more $50–$100 donors than $100,000 power brokers. While it might take longer to reach $1 million with small donations, it really did work in this case. Of Barack Obama’s $600 million, $500 million came from online donors; the average online donation was $80 [[]]. Thelong tail indeed.

* Effects of New Media Technologies on Political Communication (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: Today we are living in the age of web where world is moving on the tips of our fingers. The New Media Technologies have changed the world drastically. Even the traditional print and electronic media have been influenced significantly by the new media technologies. The growing radius of new media can be seen in the developed as well as developing countries. The revolution of new media technology has changed the pattern of political communication. This paper particularly elaborates the influence of new media technology on political communication. The paper demonstrates the extensive use of internet and mobile phones in the election campaigns in some of the developed and developing countries and its effects on political behavior. The paper also suggests some new horizons of political communication through new media technology especially in the developing countries. Effect of new media technologies on political behavior and voting pattern is the focal point of this paper.

* THE FACEBOOK EFFECT? ONLINE CAMPAIGNING IN THE 2008 CANADIAN AND US ELECTIONS (Giren Tuğba)
[] Abstract: The Internet is now part of the political parties' tool box. How did the Canadian parties fare in that regard compared to their southern neighbours during the recent campaign? Tamara Small from Mount Allison University examines the question and concludes that Canada's parties still lag behind, most notably in their use of Facebook: “While major and minor Canadian political parties had established campaign sites, they failed to take advantage of the full potential of the medium.” Vote swapping was the most interesting Facebook moment, she says, but it had nothing to do with the parties.

*** Youth Participation in Politics and Elections**(15. Sayfada Obama’nın başkanlık seçimlerinde sosyal medyayı nasıl kullandığına değinilmiş) (Giren: Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** The potential of social media as powerful channels to “communicate” with the citizens has also been noted by numerous politicians and governments. Today more and more politicians around the globe are using social media such as Facebook, Twitter and blogs not only during electoral campaigns but also on a more continuous basis to keep interacting with their constituencies and voters, and young voters in particular, during their tenure. However, the spread of these tools is growing faster among young people than among politicians. A study conducted in Sweden in 2011, for example, reveals that 50% of the members of Parliament in Sweden blog, roughly 75% have a Facebook account and roughly 20% are active users of Twitter. One often-cited case of how social media were instrumental in fostering youth participation in elections is US President Barack Obama’s 2008 election campaign. Obama’s campaign team understood the potential of social media and used them to the full, in coordination with the traditional forms of political campaigning, to attract young voters to the polls. Social media were instrumental in engaging youth about issues they care about most, such as education, the environment and social justice. Today President Obama is possibly one of the most “popular” social media presences, with more than 34 million followers on Twitter, and roughly 37 million likes on Facebook!

***** **Rumors and the Internet in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election** (Giren: Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** People who pay attention to politics, especially during the period of anational election, are frequently exposed to “knowledge claims”statements about “facts” regarding politics. At least some of these claims can also be characterized as rumors-claims that are generally unsubstantiated and often untrue. Some observers of the 2008 Presidenti campaign have commented on the prevalence of rumors in the lead up to Election Day and even that the circulation of false claims about candidates from both parties was a defining feature of this election. In 2008, the Internet appears to have been a key medium for circulating rumors and a central battleground on which the fight to distinguish truth from fiction was waged. Snopes.com, a web site dedicated to tracking and investigating online rumors, identified dozens of email chain letters concerning Barack Obama, John McCain, Joe Biden and Sarah Palin. FactCheck.org, a nonpartisan service of the Annenberg Public Policy Center, was another independent site that vigorously responded to false information. News organizations prominently featured political fact checking initiatives, such as the Washington Post’s Fact Check and the St. Petersburg Times’ PolitiFact. And the campaigns responded by sponsoring their own fact‐checking programs, exemplified by the Obama campaign’s “Fight the Smear” web site.

***** **Parties, election campaigning, and the Internet: Toward a comparative institutional approach** (Giren: Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** This chapter argues that a comparative approach to analyzing the relationship between technology and political institutions has the potential to o!er renewed understanding of the development of the Internet in election campaigning. Taking the di!erent characteristics of political parties and the norms and rules of the electoral environment in the United States and the United Kingdom as an illustration, it suggests that the relationship between technology and political institutions is dialectical.Technologies can reshape institutions, but institutions will mediate eventual outcomes. The chapter outlines "ve key variables: degree of systemic institutional pluralism; organization of membership; candidate recruitment and selection; campaign "nance; and the “old” campaign communication environment. This approach has the potential to generate a theoretical framework for explaining di!erences in the impact of the Internet on election campaigning across liberal democracies.

***** **Youth Turnout in the 2008 Presidential Election; Data from the We the People Civic Education Alumni Network** (Giren: Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** In this paper, we present preliminary voter turnout exit poll data reported on younger political cohorts in the 2008 presidential elections. The overall trend is that youth are turning out to vote at higher levels than in previous elections, and that they are becoming more liberal. Next, we report on a sample of youth who took part in a rigorous civic education high school program, We the People; the Citizen and the Constitution. The 300 We the People alumni demonstrated great interest and engagement in the political process. They clearly distinguished between the two parties by providing policy and ideological stances. Presidential candidates, especially Obama, reached out to younger voters in the 2008 election. However, being contacted during the campaign did not sway alumni’s decision to turn out or to vote. Young voters were mobilized through their cell phones and their online networking sites, and were able to use a wide variety of online sources to gather information on candidates. The majority of alumni expressed optimism about the future of the nation, grounded primarily in the political institutions and the resourceful spirit of Americans.

***** **The Millennials Refuse to Be Ignored! An Analysis of How the Obama Administration Furthers the Political Engagement of a New Generation** (Giren: Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** Barack Obama was elected President of the United States by a landslide in November of 2008. However, this margin of victory would not have existed if a single generation of American citizens had not “gotten off their futons” to vote. The millennial generation, the youngest of Americans eligible to vote, created the wide election results gap. Even many millennials not yet old enough to vote were engaged in “get out the vote” activities. Historically, this demographic age group has been politically apathetic. What caused the youth of America to become politically engaged in unprecedented numbers during the 2008 election? Has the Obama Administration found the key to encouraging citizen participation or were the millennials destined to be a politically active generation with or without Barack Obama? The seven common traits of the millennials that define their generation are being sheltered, special, confident, team-oriented, conventional, pressured, and achieving. These traits result in an innate tendency toward political involvement. However, this article, the author explores the Obama campaign and early Administration communications with supporters via email. Analysis indicates that although the millennials are innately politically engaged, the Obama Administration may have unknowingly catered to these traits and fostered the political involvement of American youth. Furthermore, evidence indicates the political engagement of millennials is likely to increase as they age. Implications for political strategists are discussed.

***** **Political Marketing and the 2008 U.S. Presidential Primary Elections** (Giren: Tuğba)
[] been an important tool in the search for, and collection of data. Sources used have been scientific articles, other relevant literature, home pages, online newspapers, TV, etc. The questions have been researched in detail and several main conclusions have been drawn from a marketing perspective. Correlations with theory have also been made. In the primary season, the product the candidates have been selling is change. The Obama campaign successfully coined and later implemented this product into a grassroots movement that involved bottom-up branding of the candidate. This large base allowed 3 for a different marketing strategy that implemented earlier and better organization in the caucus voting primary states resulting in an untouchable lead for the Obama campaign. The successful utilization of the Internet and social networking sites such as Facebook and YouTube led to enormous support, not least among the important group of young (first time) voters. It also served as the main base for funding throughout both the primary and the presidential season, effectively outspending the Clinton, and later, the McCain campaigns. This study has shown that there are differences in marketing when it comes to different presidential candidates even within the same party. Marketing activities and efforts also look different for different marketing groups. Suggestions for future research: This study was limited to the primary season; it would have been interesting to include the whole U.S. Presidential campaigning process from start to finish. In future research projects, it would also be interesting to see comparisons between political marketing in the U.S. and political marketing elsewhere, in Europe for example. This study contributes to increased knowledge when it comes to understanding the role of social media, grassroots movement, and bottom-up branding as a political marketing strategy. It also contributes to increased knowledge about political marketing in general. Furthermore, it shows the importance of marketing - and money - in American politics. Political parties as well as individual candidates may also find the results of this research useful for future campaigning.
 * Abstract:** Over the years, marketing has become a more and more important tool in politics in general. In order to campaign successfully – and become the President-elect - in the U.S. Presidential Election, marketing is indispensable. This lead to enormous amounts of money spent on marketing. The aim of this research is to contribute to existing knowledge in the field of political marketing through the analysis of how marketing is done throughout a political campaign. The 2008 U.S. Presidential Primary Elections, together with a few key candidates have served as the empirical example of this investigation. Four research questions have been asked; what marketing strategies are of decisive outcome in the primary season of the 2008 political campaigning, how is political marketing differentiated depending on the candidate and the demographics of the voter, and finally where does the money come from to fund this gigantic political industry. The exploratory method and case study as well as the qualitative research method have been used in this work. Internet has

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* Adoption and Use of Digital Media in Election Campaigns: Australia, Canada and New Zealand Compared (Giren: Sercan)
[] This article examines the role of digital media in three recent national election campaigns: Australia in 2007 and Canada and New Zealand in 2008. Examining the process of technology adoption and strategic use by parties and individual candidates, it explores similarities and differences in the use of these evolving campaigning channels.

* Participating Online: The Internet and its Role in Political Participatory Behaviour in the Context of the New Zealand General Election 2008 (Giren Tuğba)
[]
 * Abstract:** Recent developments in Internet technology have opened up new doors for political campaigning and related news information with video and social networking applications. Thesehave created new spaces that the voting public can politically participate in. This study explores the extent to which such participation takes place, in order to contribute to the wider question of whether changes in the media can rejuvenate a growing apathetic electorate that has become increasingly isolated from the more traditional methods of political participation (Putnam 2000). There are now many unanswered questions regarding how this new technology will play a role in influencing voter preferences and behaviour compared to other forms of traditional mass media. The exponential growth of Internet technology and its use means that the majority of literature written on the subject becomes time-bound leaving large gaps of research and analysis that needs to be done. This thesis examined the opportunities made available for political campaigning by the Internet and how widening political knowledge can ultimately influence Internet consumers at the voting booth. The research undertaken was a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis using participatory groups in a controlled environment. Participants consumed different forms of mass media and any significant changes in preferences and behaviour was noted. The overall hypothesis of this thesis is that the Internet does have an effect on potential voters by providing a wider and more in-depth look at politics that broadens political knowledge, leading to greater political participation.

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* Political Journalism the Zimbabwean Way: Experiences from the 2000 Election Campaign (Giren: Sercan)
[] Waldahl, R. (2005). Political Journalism the Zimbabwean Way: Experiences from the 2000 Election Campaign. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 18-32.

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Erkan: Avrupa Parlementosu için şöyle bir şey var. Bana tavsiye eden kişi belki Türkiye için de birşeyler yaparsınız dedi: http://www.votematch.eu/

Icelander's campaign is a joke, until he's elected (Giren: Deniztan)
[] Comedian Jon Gnarr decides to enter politics with the "Best Party" in order to criticise his country's political system and surprisingly wins Reykjavik's mayoral election in 2010.

(Giren: Deniztan)
Jon Gnarr and the Best Party's campaign video with the song "Simply the Best"

http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/30/1354068812472575.abstract